{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "id": "99e430c8", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# install dependencies\n", "!pip install torch torchviz graphviz\n", "\n", "##### uncomment if you're using colab\n", "# from google.colab import output\n", "# output.enable_custom_widget_manager()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "48d7809d", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import math\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "import numpy as np\n", "import torch\n", "import torch.nn as nn\n", "from torch.autograd import Variable\n", "import tqdm\n", "\n", "import IPython\n", "from ipywidgets import interactive, widgets, Layout\n", "from IPython.display import display, HTML\n", "\n", "%matplotlib widget" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "id": "61cf3329", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# Constants\n", "cap_value = 1e-6 # Farads\n", "R_init = 500 # Ohms\n", "cutoff_mag = 1. / math.sqrt(2)\n", "cutoff_dB = 20 * math.log10(cutoff_mag)\n", "dataset_size = 1000\n", "max_training_steps = 100000" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "6a5aebcb", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## (a) Designing a Low Pass Filter by Matching Transfer Functions" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "id": "103bf234", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# Transfer function: evaluates magnitude of given frequencies for a resistor value in the low pass circuit\n", "def evaluate_lp_circuit(freqs, R_low):\n", " return 1. / torch.sqrt(1 + (R_low * cap_value * freqs) ** 2)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "id": "b636c220", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n/* global mpl */\nwindow.mpl = {};\n\nmpl.get_websocket_type = function () {\n if (typeof WebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return WebSocket;\n } else if (typeof MozWebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return MozWebSocket;\n } else {\n alert(\n 'Your browser does not have WebSocket support. ' +\n 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.'\n );\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure = function (figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n this.id = figure_id;\n\n this.ws = websocket;\n\n this.supports_binary = this.ws.binaryType !== undefined;\n\n if (!this.supports_binary) {\n var warnings = document.getElementById('mpl-warnings');\n if (warnings) {\n warnings.style.display = 'block';\n warnings.textContent =\n 'This browser does not support binary websocket messages. ' +\n 'Performance may be slow.';\n }\n }\n\n this.imageObj = new Image();\n\n this.context = undefined;\n this.message = undefined;\n this.canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n\n this.image_mode = 'full';\n\n this.root = document.createElement('div');\n this.root.setAttribute('style', 'display: inline-block');\n this._root_extra_style(this.root);\n\n parent_element.appendChild(this.root);\n\n this._init_header(this);\n this._init_canvas(this);\n this._init_toolbar(this);\n\n var fig = this;\n\n this.waiting = false;\n\n this.ws.onopen = function () {\n fig.send_message('supports_binary', { value: fig.supports_binary });\n fig.send_message('send_image_mode', {});\n if (fig.ratio !== 1) {\n fig.send_message('set_dpi_ratio', { dpi_ratio: fig.ratio });\n }\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onload = function () {\n if (fig.image_mode === 'full') {\n // Full images could contain transparency (where diff images\n // almost always do), so we need to clear the canvas so that\n // there is no ghosting.\n fig.context.clearRect(0, 0, fig.canvas.width, fig.canvas.height);\n }\n fig.context.drawImage(fig.imageObj, 0, 0);\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onunload = function () {\n fig.ws.close();\n };\n\n this.ws.onmessage = this._make_on_message_function(this);\n\n this.ondownload = ondownload;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_header = function () {\n var titlebar = document.createElement('div');\n titlebar.classList =\n 'ui-dialog-titlebar ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix';\n var titletext = document.createElement('div');\n titletext.classList = 'ui-dialog-title';\n titletext.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 3px;'\n );\n titlebar.appendChild(titletext);\n this.root.appendChild(titlebar);\n this.header = titletext;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_canvas = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var canvas_div = (this.canvas_div = document.createElement('div'));\n canvas_div.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'border: 1px solid #ddd;' +\n 'box-sizing: content-box;' +\n 'clear: both;' +\n 'min-height: 1px;' +\n 'min-width: 1px;' +\n 'outline: 0;' +\n 'overflow: hidden;' +\n 'position: relative;' +\n 'resize: both;'\n );\n\n function on_keyboard_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.key_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keydown',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_press')\n );\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keyup',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_release')\n );\n\n this._canvas_extra_style(canvas_div);\n this.root.appendChild(canvas_div);\n\n var canvas = (this.canvas = document.createElement('canvas'));\n canvas.classList.add('mpl-canvas');\n canvas.setAttribute('style', 'box-sizing: content-box;');\n\n this.context = canvas.getContext('2d');\n\n var backingStore =\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.webkitBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.mozBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.msBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.oBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n 1;\n\n this.ratio = (window.devicePixelRatio || 1) / backingStore;\n\n var rubberband_canvas = (this.rubberband_canvas = document.createElement(\n 'canvas'\n ));\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'box-sizing: content-box; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1;'\n );\n\n // Apply a ponyfill if ResizeObserver is not implemented by browser.\n if (this.ResizeObserver === undefined) {\n if (window.ResizeObserver !== undefined) {\n this.ResizeObserver = window.ResizeObserver;\n } else {\n var obs = _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER({});\n this.ResizeObserver = obs.ResizeObserver;\n }\n }\n\n this.resizeObserverInstance = new this.ResizeObserver(function (entries) {\n var nentries = entries.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < nentries; i++) {\n var entry = entries[i];\n var width, height;\n if (entry.contentBoxSize) {\n if (entry.contentBoxSize instanceof Array) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;\n } else {\n // Firefox implements old version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize.inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize.blockSize;\n }\n } else {\n // Chrome <84 implements even older version of spec.\n width = entry.contentRect.width;\n height = entry.contentRect.height;\n }\n\n // Keep the size of the canvas and rubber band canvas in sync with\n // the canvas container.\n if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'width',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize\n );\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'height',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize\n );\n } else {\n canvas.setAttribute('width', width * fig.ratio);\n canvas.setAttribute('height', height * fig.ratio);\n }\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: ' + width + 'px; height: ' + height + 'px;'\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('width', width);\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('height', height);\n\n // And update the size in Python. We ignore the initial 0/0 size\n // that occurs as the element is placed into the DOM, which should\n // otherwise not happen due to the minimum size styling.\n if (fig.ws.readyState == 1 && width != 0 && height != 0) {\n fig.request_resize(width, height);\n }\n }\n });\n this.resizeObserverInstance.observe(canvas_div);\n\n function on_mouse_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.mouse_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousedown',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_press')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseup',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_release')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'dblclick',\n on_mouse_event_closure('dblclick')\n );\n // Throttle sequential mouse events to 1 every 20ms.\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousemove',\n on_mouse_event_closure('motion_notify')\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseenter',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_enter')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseleave',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_leave')\n );\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener('wheel', function (event) {\n if (event.deltaY < 0) {\n event.step = 1;\n } else {\n event.step = -1;\n }\n on_mouse_event_closure('scroll')(event);\n });\n\n canvas_div.appendChild(canvas);\n canvas_div.appendChild(rubberband_canvas);\n\n this.rubberband_context = rubberband_canvas.getContext('2d');\n this.rubberband_context.strokeStyle = '#000000';\n\n this._resize_canvas = function (width, height, forward) {\n if (forward) {\n canvas_div.style.width = width + 'px';\n canvas_div.style.height = height + 'px';\n }\n };\n\n // Disable right mouse context menu.\n this.rubberband_canvas.addEventListener('contextmenu', function (_e) {\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n });\n\n function set_focus() {\n canvas.focus();\n canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n window.setTimeout(set_focus, 100);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'mpl-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n var button = (fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button'));\n button.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n button.setAttribute('role', 'button');\n button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n\n var icon_img = document.createElement('img');\n icon_img.src = '_images/' + image + '.png';\n icon_img.srcset = '_images/' + image + '_large.png 2x';\n icon_img.alt = tooltip;\n button.appendChild(icon_img);\n\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n var fmt_picker = document.createElement('select');\n fmt_picker.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n toolbar.appendChild(fmt_picker);\n this.format_dropdown = fmt_picker;\n\n for (var ind in mpl.extensions) {\n var fmt = mpl.extensions[ind];\n var option = document.createElement('option');\n option.selected = fmt === mpl.default_extension;\n option.innerHTML = fmt;\n fmt_picker.appendChild(option);\n }\n\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.request_resize = function (x_pixels, y_pixels) {\n // Request matplotlib to resize the figure. Matplotlib will then trigger a resize in the client,\n // which will in turn request a refresh of the image.\n this.send_message('resize', { width: x_pixels, height: y_pixels });\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_message = function (type, properties) {\n properties['type'] = type;\n properties['figure_id'] = this.id;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(properties));\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_draw_message = function () {\n if (!this.waiting) {\n this.waiting = true;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'draw', figure_id: this.id }));\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n var format_dropdown = fig.format_dropdown;\n var format = format_dropdown.options[format_dropdown.selectedIndex].value;\n fig.ondownload(fig, format);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_resize = function (fig, msg) {\n var size = msg['size'];\n if (size[0] !== fig.canvas.width || size[1] !== fig.canvas.height) {\n fig._resize_canvas(size[0], size[1], msg['forward']);\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_rubberband = function (fig, msg) {\n var x0 = msg['x0'] / fig.ratio;\n var y0 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y0']) / fig.ratio;\n var x1 = msg['x1'] / fig.ratio;\n var y1 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y1']) / fig.ratio;\n x0 = Math.floor(x0) + 0.5;\n y0 = Math.floor(y0) + 0.5;\n x1 = Math.floor(x1) + 0.5;\n y1 = Math.floor(y1) + 0.5;\n var min_x = Math.min(x0, x1);\n var min_y = Math.min(y0, y1);\n var width = Math.abs(x1 - x0);\n var height = Math.abs(y1 - y0);\n\n fig.rubberband_context.clearRect(\n 0,\n 0,\n fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio,\n fig.canvas.height / fig.ratio\n );\n\n fig.rubberband_context.strokeRect(min_x, min_y, width, height);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_figure_label = function (fig, msg) {\n // Updates the figure title.\n fig.header.textContent = msg['label'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_cursor = function (fig, msg) {\n var cursor = msg['cursor'];\n switch (cursor) {\n case 0:\n cursor = 'pointer';\n break;\n case 1:\n cursor = 'default';\n break;\n case 2:\n cursor = 'crosshair';\n break;\n case 3:\n cursor = 'move';\n break;\n }\n fig.rubberband_canvas.style.cursor = cursor;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_message = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.message.textContent = msg['message'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_draw = function (fig, _msg) {\n // Request the server to send over a new figure.\n fig.send_draw_message();\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_image_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.image_mode = msg['mode'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_history_buttons = function (fig, msg) {\n for (var key in msg) {\n if (!(key in fig.buttons)) {\n continue;\n }\n fig.buttons[key].disabled = !msg[key];\n fig.buttons[key].setAttribute('aria-disabled', !msg[key]);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_navigate_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n if (msg['mode'] === 'PAN') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.add('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n } else if (msg['mode'] === 'ZOOM') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.add('active');\n } else {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Called whenever the canvas gets updated.\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n};\n\n// A function to construct a web socket function for onmessage handling.\n// Called in the figure constructor.\nmpl.figure.prototype._make_on_message_function = function (fig) {\n return function socket_on_message(evt) {\n if (evt.data instanceof Blob) {\n var img = evt.data;\n if (img.type !== 'image/png') {\n /* FIXME: We get \"Resource interpreted as Image but\n * transferred with MIME type text/plain:\" errors on\n * Chrome. But how to set the MIME type? It doesn't seem\n * to be part of the websocket stream */\n img.type = 'image/png';\n }\n\n /* Free the memory for the previous frames */\n if (fig.imageObj.src) {\n (window.URL || window.webkitURL).revokeObjectURL(\n fig.imageObj.src\n );\n }\n\n fig.imageObj.src = (window.URL || window.webkitURL).createObjectURL(\n img\n );\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n } else if (\n typeof evt.data === 'string' &&\n evt.data.slice(0, 21) === 'data:image/png;base64'\n ) {\n fig.imageObj.src = evt.data;\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n }\n\n var msg = JSON.parse(evt.data);\n var msg_type = msg['type'];\n\n // Call the \"handle_{type}\" callback, which takes\n // the figure and JSON message as its only arguments.\n try {\n var callback = fig['handle_' + msg_type];\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"No handler for the '\" + msg_type + \"' message type: \",\n msg\n );\n return;\n }\n\n if (callback) {\n try {\n // console.log(\"Handling '\" + msg_type + \"' message: \", msg);\n callback(fig, msg);\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"Exception inside the 'handler_\" + msg_type + \"' callback:\",\n e,\n e.stack,\n msg\n );\n }\n }\n };\n};\n\n// from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1114465/getting-mouse-location-in-canvas\nmpl.findpos = function (e) {\n //this section is from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html\n var targ;\n if (!e) {\n e = window.event;\n }\n if (e.target) {\n targ = e.target;\n } else if (e.srcElement) {\n targ = e.srcElement;\n }\n if (targ.nodeType === 3) {\n // defeat Safari bug\n targ = targ.parentNode;\n }\n\n // pageX,Y are the mouse positions relative to the document\n var boundingRect = targ.getBoundingClientRect();\n var x = e.pageX - (boundingRect.left + document.body.scrollLeft);\n var y = e.pageY - (boundingRect.top + document.body.scrollTop);\n\n return { x: x, y: y };\n};\n\n/*\n * return a copy of an object with only non-object keys\n * we need this to avoid circular references\n * http://stackoverflow.com/a/24161582/3208463\n */\nfunction simpleKeys(original) {\n return Object.keys(original).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n if (typeof original[key] !== 'object') {\n obj[key] = original[key];\n }\n return obj;\n }, {});\n}\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.mouse_event = function (event, name) {\n var canvas_pos = mpl.findpos(event);\n\n if (name === 'button_press') {\n this.canvas.focus();\n this.canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n var x = canvas_pos.x * this.ratio;\n var y = canvas_pos.y * this.ratio;\n\n this.send_message(name, {\n x: x,\n y: y,\n button: event.button,\n step: event.step,\n guiEvent: simpleKeys(event),\n });\n\n /* This prevents the web browser from automatically changing to\n * the text insertion cursor when the button is pressed. We want\n * to control all of the cursor setting manually through the\n * 'cursor' event from matplotlib */\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (_event, _name) {\n // Handle any extra behaviour associated with a key event\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.key_event = function (event, name) {\n // Prevent repeat events\n if (name === 'key_press') {\n if (event.key === this._key) {\n return;\n } else {\n this._key = event.key;\n }\n }\n if (name === 'key_release') {\n this._key = null;\n }\n\n var value = '';\n if (event.ctrlKey && event.key !== 'Control') {\n value += 'ctrl+';\n }\n else if (event.altKey && event.key !== 'Alt') {\n value += 'alt+';\n }\n else if (event.shiftKey && event.key !== 'Shift') {\n value += 'shift+';\n }\n\n value += 'k' + event.key;\n\n this._key_event_extra(event, name);\n\n this.send_message(name, { key: value, guiEvent: simpleKeys(event) });\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onclick = function (name) {\n if (name === 'download') {\n this.handle_save(this, null);\n } else {\n this.send_message('toolbar_button', { name: name });\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onmouseover = function (tooltip) {\n this.message.textContent = tooltip;\n};\n\n///////////////// REMAINING CONTENT GENERATED BY embed_js.py /////////////////\n// prettier-ignore\nvar _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER=function(A){var t,i=new WeakMap,n=new WeakMap,a=new WeakMap,r=new WeakMap,o=new Set;function s(e){if(!(this instanceof s))throw new TypeError(\"Constructor requires 'new' operator\");i.set(this,e)}function h(){throw new TypeError(\"Function is not a constructor\")}function c(e,t,i,n){e=0 in arguments?Number(arguments[0]):0,t=1 in arguments?Number(arguments[1]):0,i=2 in arguments?Number(arguments[2]):0,n=3 in arguments?Number(arguments[3]):0,this.right=(this.x=this.left=e)+(this.width=i),this.bottom=(this.y=this.top=t)+(this.height=n),Object.freeze(this)}function d(){t=requestAnimationFrame(d);var s=new WeakMap,p=new Set;o.forEach((function(t){r.get(t).forEach((function(i){var r=t instanceof window.SVGElement,o=a.get(t),d=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingTop),f=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingRight),l=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingBottom),u=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingLeft),g=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderTopWidth),m=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderRightWidth),w=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderBottomWidth),b=u+f,F=d+l,v=(r?0:parseFloat(o.borderLeftWidth))+m,W=g+w,y=r?0:t.offsetHeight-W-t.clientHeight,E=r?0:t.offsetWidth-v-t.clientWidth,R=b+v,z=F+W,M=r?t.width:parseFloat(o.width)-R-E,O=r?t.height:parseFloat(o.height)-z-y;if(n.has(t)){var k=n.get(t);if(k[0]===M&&k[1]===O)return}n.set(t,[M,O]);var S=Object.create(h.prototype);S.target=t,S.contentRect=new c(u,d,M,O),s.has(i)||(s.set(i,[]),p.add(i)),s.get(i).push(S)}))})),p.forEach((function(e){i.get(e).call(e,s.get(e),e)}))}return s.prototype.observe=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element){r.has(i)||(r.set(i,new Set),o.add(i),a.set(i,window.getComputedStyle(i)));var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)||n.add(this),cancelAnimationFrame(t),t=requestAnimationFrame(d)}},s.prototype.unobserve=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element&&r.has(i)){var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)&&(n.delete(this),n.size||(r.delete(i),o.delete(i))),n.size||r.delete(i),o.size||cancelAnimationFrame(t)}},A.DOMRectReadOnly=c,A.ResizeObserver=s,A.ResizeObserverEntry=h,A}; // eslint-disable-line\nmpl.toolbar_items = [[\"Home\", \"Reset original view\", \"fa fa-home icon-home\", \"home\"], [\"Back\", \"Back to previous view\", \"fa fa-arrow-left icon-arrow-left\", \"back\"], [\"Forward\", \"Forward to next view\", \"fa fa-arrow-right icon-arrow-right\", \"forward\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Pan\", \"Left button pans, Right button zooms\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-arrows icon-move\", \"pan\"], [\"Zoom\", \"Zoom to rectangle\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-square-o icon-check-empty\", \"zoom\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Download\", \"Download plot\", \"fa fa-floppy-o icon-save\", \"download\"]];\n\nmpl.extensions = [\"eps\", \"jpeg\", \"pgf\", \"pdf\", \"png\", \"ps\", \"raw\", \"svg\", \"tif\"];\n\nmpl.default_extension = \"png\";/* global mpl */\n\nvar comm_websocket_adapter = function (comm) {\n // Create a \"websocket\"-like object which calls the given IPython comm\n // object with the appropriate methods. Currently this is a non binary\n // socket, so there is still some room for performance tuning.\n var ws = {};\n\n ws.binaryType = comm.kernel.ws.binaryType;\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n function updateReadyState(_event) {\n if (comm.kernel.ws) {\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n } else {\n ws.readyState = 3; // Closed state.\n }\n }\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('open', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('close', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('error', updateReadyState);\n\n ws.close = function () {\n comm.close();\n };\n ws.send = function (m) {\n //console.log('sending', m);\n comm.send(m);\n };\n // Register the callback with on_msg.\n comm.on_msg(function (msg) {\n //console.log('receiving', msg['content']['data'], msg);\n var data = msg['content']['data'];\n if (data['blob'] !== undefined) {\n data = {\n data: new Blob(msg['buffers'], { type: data['blob'] }),\n };\n }\n // Pass the mpl event to the overridden (by mpl) onmessage function.\n ws.onmessage(data);\n });\n return ws;\n};\n\nmpl.mpl_figure_comm = function (comm, msg) {\n // This is the function which gets called when the mpl process\n // starts-up an IPython Comm through the \"matplotlib\" channel.\n\n var id = msg.content.data.id;\n // Get hold of the div created by the display call when the Comm\n // socket was opened in Python.\n var element = document.getElementById(id);\n var ws_proxy = comm_websocket_adapter(comm);\n\n function ondownload(figure, _format) {\n window.open(figure.canvas.toDataURL());\n }\n\n var fig = new mpl.figure(id, ws_proxy, ondownload, element);\n\n // Call onopen now - mpl needs it, as it is assuming we've passed it a real\n // web socket which is closed, not our websocket->open comm proxy.\n ws_proxy.onopen();\n\n fig.parent_element = element;\n fig.cell_info = mpl.find_output_cell(\"
\");\n if (!fig.cell_info) {\n console.error('Failed to find cell for figure', id, fig);\n return;\n }\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.on(\n 'cleared',\n { fig: fig },\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_close = function (fig, msg) {\n var width = fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio;\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.off(\n 'cleared',\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n fig.resizeObserverInstance.unobserve(fig.canvas_div);\n\n // Update the output cell to use the data from the current canvas.\n fig.push_to_output();\n var dataURL = fig.canvas.toDataURL();\n // Re-enable the keyboard manager in IPython - without this line, in FF,\n // the notebook keyboard shortcuts fail.\n IPython.keyboard_manager.enable();\n fig.parent_element.innerHTML =\n '';\n fig.close_ws(fig, msg);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.close_ws = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.send_message('closing', msg);\n // fig.ws.close()\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.push_to_output = function (_remove_interactive) {\n // Turn the data on the canvas into data in the output cell.\n var width = this.canvas.width / this.ratio;\n var dataURL = this.canvas.toDataURL();\n this.cell_info[1]['text/html'] =\n '';\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Tell IPython that the notebook contents must change.\n IPython.notebook.set_dirty(true);\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n var fig = this;\n // Wait a second, then push the new image to the DOM so\n // that it is saved nicely (might be nice to debounce this).\n setTimeout(function () {\n fig.push_to_output();\n }, 1000);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'btn-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n var button;\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n button = fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-default';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = name;\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n // Add the status bar.\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message pull-right';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n\n // Add the close button to the window.\n var buttongrp = document.createElement('div');\n buttongrp.classList = 'btn-group inline pull-right';\n button = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-mini btn-primary';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = 'Stop Interaction';\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', function (_evt) {\n fig.handle_close(fig, {});\n });\n button.addEventListener(\n 'mouseover',\n on_mouseover_closure('Stop Interaction')\n );\n buttongrp.appendChild(button);\n var titlebar = this.root.querySelector('.ui-dialog-titlebar');\n titlebar.insertBefore(buttongrp, titlebar.firstChild);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._remove_fig_handler = function (event) {\n var fig = event.data.fig;\n if (event.target !== this) {\n // Ignore bubbled events from children.\n return;\n }\n fig.close_ws(fig, {});\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (el) {\n el.style.boxSizing = 'content-box'; // override notebook setting of border-box.\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (el) {\n // this is important to make the div 'focusable\n el.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);\n // reach out to IPython and tell the keyboard manager to turn it's self\n // off when our div gets focus\n\n // location in version 3\n if (IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager) {\n IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n } else {\n // location in version 2\n IPython.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (event, _name) {\n var manager = IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager;\n if (!manager) {\n manager = IPython.keyboard_manager;\n }\n\n // Check for shift+enter\n if (event.shiftKey && event.which === 13) {\n this.canvas_div.blur();\n // select the cell after this one\n var index = IPython.notebook.find_cell_index(this.cell_info[0]);\n IPython.notebook.select(index + 1);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n fig.ondownload(fig, null);\n};\n\nmpl.find_output_cell = function (html_output) {\n // Return the cell and output element which can be found *uniquely* in the notebook.\n // Note - this is a bit hacky, but it is done because the \"notebook_saving.Notebook\"\n // IPython event is triggered only after the cells have been serialised, which for\n // our purposes (turning an active figure into a static one), is too late.\n var cells = IPython.notebook.get_cells();\n var ncells = cells.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < ncells; i++) {\n var cell = cells[i];\n if (cell.cell_type === 'code') {\n for (var j = 0; j < cell.output_area.outputs.length; j++) {\n var data = cell.output_area.outputs[j];\n if (data.data) {\n // IPython >= 3 moved mimebundle to data attribute of output\n data = data.data;\n }\n if (data['text/html'] === html_output) {\n return [cell, data, j];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Register the function which deals with the matplotlib target/channel.\n// The kernel may be null if the page has been refreshed.\nif (IPython.notebook.kernel !== null) {\n IPython.notebook.kernel.comm_manager.register_target(\n 'matplotlib',\n mpl.mpl_figure_comm\n );\n}\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "f1b9ff984640437687ca7dcbd850ba17", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "interactive(children=(IntSlider(value=500, description='R', layout=Layout(width='100%'), max=1000, min=1), Out…" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Plot transfer function for a given low pass circuit\n", "fig = plt.figure(figsize=(9, 4))\n", "ws = 2 * math.pi * 10 ** torch.linspace(0, 6, 1000)\n", "mags = 20 * torch.log10(evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_init))\n", "R_low_des = 1 / (2 * math.pi * 800 * cap_value)\n", "mags_des = 20 * torch.log10(evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_low_des))\n", "tf, = plt.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags, linewidth=3)\n", "tf_des, = plt.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags_des, linestyle=\"--\", linewidth=3)\n", "plt.xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "plt.ylim([-60, 1])\n", "plt.title(\"Low Pass Transfer Functions\")\n", "plt.xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "plt.ylabel(\"dB\")\n", "plt.grid(which=\"both\")\n", "leg = plt.legend([\"Predicted Transfer Function\", \"Desired Transfer Function\"])\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "\n", "# Main update function for interactive plot\n", "def update_tfs(R=R_init):\n", " mags = 20 * torch.log10(evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R))\n", " tf.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags)\n", " fig.canvas.draw_idle()\n", " \n", "# Include sliders for relevant quantities\n", "ip = interactive(update_tfs, \n", " R=widgets.IntSlider(value=R_init, min=1, max=1000, step=1, description=\"R\", layout=Layout(width='100%')))\n", "ip" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "c1b99831", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## (b) Designing a Low pass Filter from Binary Data" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "id": "c1ec5419", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n/* global mpl */\nwindow.mpl = {};\n\nmpl.get_websocket_type = function () {\n if (typeof WebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return WebSocket;\n } else if (typeof MozWebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return MozWebSocket;\n } else {\n alert(\n 'Your browser does not have WebSocket support. ' +\n 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.'\n );\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure = function (figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n this.id = figure_id;\n\n this.ws = websocket;\n\n this.supports_binary = this.ws.binaryType !== undefined;\n\n if (!this.supports_binary) {\n var warnings = document.getElementById('mpl-warnings');\n if (warnings) {\n warnings.style.display = 'block';\n warnings.textContent =\n 'This browser does not support binary websocket messages. ' +\n 'Performance may be slow.';\n }\n }\n\n this.imageObj = new Image();\n\n this.context = undefined;\n this.message = undefined;\n this.canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n\n this.image_mode = 'full';\n\n this.root = document.createElement('div');\n this.root.setAttribute('style', 'display: inline-block');\n this._root_extra_style(this.root);\n\n parent_element.appendChild(this.root);\n\n this._init_header(this);\n this._init_canvas(this);\n this._init_toolbar(this);\n\n var fig = this;\n\n this.waiting = false;\n\n this.ws.onopen = function () {\n fig.send_message('supports_binary', { value: fig.supports_binary });\n fig.send_message('send_image_mode', {});\n if (fig.ratio !== 1) {\n fig.send_message('set_dpi_ratio', { dpi_ratio: fig.ratio });\n }\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onload = function () {\n if (fig.image_mode === 'full') {\n // Full images could contain transparency (where diff images\n // almost always do), so we need to clear the canvas so that\n // there is no ghosting.\n fig.context.clearRect(0, 0, fig.canvas.width, fig.canvas.height);\n }\n fig.context.drawImage(fig.imageObj, 0, 0);\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onunload = function () {\n fig.ws.close();\n };\n\n this.ws.onmessage = this._make_on_message_function(this);\n\n this.ondownload = ondownload;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_header = function () {\n var titlebar = document.createElement('div');\n titlebar.classList =\n 'ui-dialog-titlebar ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix';\n var titletext = document.createElement('div');\n titletext.classList = 'ui-dialog-title';\n titletext.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 3px;'\n );\n titlebar.appendChild(titletext);\n this.root.appendChild(titlebar);\n this.header = titletext;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_canvas = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var canvas_div = (this.canvas_div = document.createElement('div'));\n canvas_div.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'border: 1px solid #ddd;' +\n 'box-sizing: content-box;' +\n 'clear: both;' +\n 'min-height: 1px;' +\n 'min-width: 1px;' +\n 'outline: 0;' +\n 'overflow: hidden;' +\n 'position: relative;' +\n 'resize: both;'\n );\n\n function on_keyboard_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.key_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keydown',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_press')\n );\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keyup',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_release')\n );\n\n this._canvas_extra_style(canvas_div);\n this.root.appendChild(canvas_div);\n\n var canvas = (this.canvas = document.createElement('canvas'));\n canvas.classList.add('mpl-canvas');\n canvas.setAttribute('style', 'box-sizing: content-box;');\n\n this.context = canvas.getContext('2d');\n\n var backingStore =\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.webkitBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.mozBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.msBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.oBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n 1;\n\n this.ratio = (window.devicePixelRatio || 1) / backingStore;\n\n var rubberband_canvas = (this.rubberband_canvas = document.createElement(\n 'canvas'\n ));\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'box-sizing: content-box; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1;'\n );\n\n // Apply a ponyfill if ResizeObserver is not implemented by browser.\n if (this.ResizeObserver === undefined) {\n if (window.ResizeObserver !== undefined) {\n this.ResizeObserver = window.ResizeObserver;\n } else {\n var obs = _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER({});\n this.ResizeObserver = obs.ResizeObserver;\n }\n }\n\n this.resizeObserverInstance = new this.ResizeObserver(function (entries) {\n var nentries = entries.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < nentries; i++) {\n var entry = entries[i];\n var width, height;\n if (entry.contentBoxSize) {\n if (entry.contentBoxSize instanceof Array) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;\n } else {\n // Firefox implements old version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize.inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize.blockSize;\n }\n } else {\n // Chrome <84 implements even older version of spec.\n width = entry.contentRect.width;\n height = entry.contentRect.height;\n }\n\n // Keep the size of the canvas and rubber band canvas in sync with\n // the canvas container.\n if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'width',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize\n );\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'height',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize\n );\n } else {\n canvas.setAttribute('width', width * fig.ratio);\n canvas.setAttribute('height', height * fig.ratio);\n }\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: ' + width + 'px; height: ' + height + 'px;'\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('width', width);\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('height', height);\n\n // And update the size in Python. We ignore the initial 0/0 size\n // that occurs as the element is placed into the DOM, which should\n // otherwise not happen due to the minimum size styling.\n if (fig.ws.readyState == 1 && width != 0 && height != 0) {\n fig.request_resize(width, height);\n }\n }\n });\n this.resizeObserverInstance.observe(canvas_div);\n\n function on_mouse_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.mouse_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousedown',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_press')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseup',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_release')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'dblclick',\n on_mouse_event_closure('dblclick')\n );\n // Throttle sequential mouse events to 1 every 20ms.\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousemove',\n on_mouse_event_closure('motion_notify')\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseenter',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_enter')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseleave',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_leave')\n );\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener('wheel', function (event) {\n if (event.deltaY < 0) {\n event.step = 1;\n } else {\n event.step = -1;\n }\n on_mouse_event_closure('scroll')(event);\n });\n\n canvas_div.appendChild(canvas);\n canvas_div.appendChild(rubberband_canvas);\n\n this.rubberband_context = rubberband_canvas.getContext('2d');\n this.rubberband_context.strokeStyle = '#000000';\n\n this._resize_canvas = function (width, height, forward) {\n if (forward) {\n canvas_div.style.width = width + 'px';\n canvas_div.style.height = height + 'px';\n }\n };\n\n // Disable right mouse context menu.\n this.rubberband_canvas.addEventListener('contextmenu', function (_e) {\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n });\n\n function set_focus() {\n canvas.focus();\n canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n window.setTimeout(set_focus, 100);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'mpl-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n var button = (fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button'));\n button.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n button.setAttribute('role', 'button');\n button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n\n var icon_img = document.createElement('img');\n icon_img.src = '_images/' + image + '.png';\n icon_img.srcset = '_images/' + image + '_large.png 2x';\n icon_img.alt = tooltip;\n button.appendChild(icon_img);\n\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n var fmt_picker = document.createElement('select');\n fmt_picker.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n toolbar.appendChild(fmt_picker);\n this.format_dropdown = fmt_picker;\n\n for (var ind in mpl.extensions) {\n var fmt = mpl.extensions[ind];\n var option = document.createElement('option');\n option.selected = fmt === mpl.default_extension;\n option.innerHTML = fmt;\n fmt_picker.appendChild(option);\n }\n\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.request_resize = function (x_pixels, y_pixels) {\n // Request matplotlib to resize the figure. Matplotlib will then trigger a resize in the client,\n // which will in turn request a refresh of the image.\n this.send_message('resize', { width: x_pixels, height: y_pixels });\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_message = function (type, properties) {\n properties['type'] = type;\n properties['figure_id'] = this.id;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(properties));\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_draw_message = function () {\n if (!this.waiting) {\n this.waiting = true;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'draw', figure_id: this.id }));\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n var format_dropdown = fig.format_dropdown;\n var format = format_dropdown.options[format_dropdown.selectedIndex].value;\n fig.ondownload(fig, format);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_resize = function (fig, msg) {\n var size = msg['size'];\n if (size[0] !== fig.canvas.width || size[1] !== fig.canvas.height) {\n fig._resize_canvas(size[0], size[1], msg['forward']);\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_rubberband = function (fig, msg) {\n var x0 = msg['x0'] / fig.ratio;\n var y0 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y0']) / fig.ratio;\n var x1 = msg['x1'] / fig.ratio;\n var y1 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y1']) / fig.ratio;\n x0 = Math.floor(x0) + 0.5;\n y0 = Math.floor(y0) + 0.5;\n x1 = Math.floor(x1) + 0.5;\n y1 = Math.floor(y1) + 0.5;\n var min_x = Math.min(x0, x1);\n var min_y = Math.min(y0, y1);\n var width = Math.abs(x1 - x0);\n var height = Math.abs(y1 - y0);\n\n fig.rubberband_context.clearRect(\n 0,\n 0,\n fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio,\n fig.canvas.height / fig.ratio\n );\n\n fig.rubberband_context.strokeRect(min_x, min_y, width, height);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_figure_label = function (fig, msg) {\n // Updates the figure title.\n fig.header.textContent = msg['label'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_cursor = function (fig, msg) {\n var cursor = msg['cursor'];\n switch (cursor) {\n case 0:\n cursor = 'pointer';\n break;\n case 1:\n cursor = 'default';\n break;\n case 2:\n cursor = 'crosshair';\n break;\n case 3:\n cursor = 'move';\n break;\n }\n fig.rubberband_canvas.style.cursor = cursor;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_message = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.message.textContent = msg['message'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_draw = function (fig, _msg) {\n // Request the server to send over a new figure.\n fig.send_draw_message();\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_image_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.image_mode = msg['mode'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_history_buttons = function (fig, msg) {\n for (var key in msg) {\n if (!(key in fig.buttons)) {\n continue;\n }\n fig.buttons[key].disabled = !msg[key];\n fig.buttons[key].setAttribute('aria-disabled', !msg[key]);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_navigate_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n if (msg['mode'] === 'PAN') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.add('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n } else if (msg['mode'] === 'ZOOM') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.add('active');\n } else {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Called whenever the canvas gets updated.\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n};\n\n// A function to construct a web socket function for onmessage handling.\n// Called in the figure constructor.\nmpl.figure.prototype._make_on_message_function = function (fig) {\n return function socket_on_message(evt) {\n if (evt.data instanceof Blob) {\n var img = evt.data;\n if (img.type !== 'image/png') {\n /* FIXME: We get \"Resource interpreted as Image but\n * transferred with MIME type text/plain:\" errors on\n * Chrome. But how to set the MIME type? It doesn't seem\n * to be part of the websocket stream */\n img.type = 'image/png';\n }\n\n /* Free the memory for the previous frames */\n if (fig.imageObj.src) {\n (window.URL || window.webkitURL).revokeObjectURL(\n fig.imageObj.src\n );\n }\n\n fig.imageObj.src = (window.URL || window.webkitURL).createObjectURL(\n img\n );\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n } else if (\n typeof evt.data === 'string' &&\n evt.data.slice(0, 21) === 'data:image/png;base64'\n ) {\n fig.imageObj.src = evt.data;\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n }\n\n var msg = JSON.parse(evt.data);\n var msg_type = msg['type'];\n\n // Call the \"handle_{type}\" callback, which takes\n // the figure and JSON message as its only arguments.\n try {\n var callback = fig['handle_' + msg_type];\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"No handler for the '\" + msg_type + \"' message type: \",\n msg\n );\n return;\n }\n\n if (callback) {\n try {\n // console.log(\"Handling '\" + msg_type + \"' message: \", msg);\n callback(fig, msg);\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"Exception inside the 'handler_\" + msg_type + \"' callback:\",\n e,\n e.stack,\n msg\n );\n }\n }\n };\n};\n\n// from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1114465/getting-mouse-location-in-canvas\nmpl.findpos = function (e) {\n //this section is from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html\n var targ;\n if (!e) {\n e = window.event;\n }\n if (e.target) {\n targ = e.target;\n } else if (e.srcElement) {\n targ = e.srcElement;\n }\n if (targ.nodeType === 3) {\n // defeat Safari bug\n targ = targ.parentNode;\n }\n\n // pageX,Y are the mouse positions relative to the document\n var boundingRect = targ.getBoundingClientRect();\n var x = e.pageX - (boundingRect.left + document.body.scrollLeft);\n var y = e.pageY - (boundingRect.top + document.body.scrollTop);\n\n return { x: x, y: y };\n};\n\n/*\n * return a copy of an object with only non-object keys\n * we need this to avoid circular references\n * http://stackoverflow.com/a/24161582/3208463\n */\nfunction simpleKeys(original) {\n return Object.keys(original).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n if (typeof original[key] !== 'object') {\n obj[key] = original[key];\n }\n return obj;\n }, {});\n}\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.mouse_event = function (event, name) {\n var canvas_pos = mpl.findpos(event);\n\n if (name === 'button_press') {\n this.canvas.focus();\n this.canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n var x = canvas_pos.x * this.ratio;\n var y = canvas_pos.y * this.ratio;\n\n this.send_message(name, {\n x: x,\n y: y,\n button: event.button,\n step: event.step,\n guiEvent: simpleKeys(event),\n });\n\n /* This prevents the web browser from automatically changing to\n * the text insertion cursor when the button is pressed. We want\n * to control all of the cursor setting manually through the\n * 'cursor' event from matplotlib */\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (_event, _name) {\n // Handle any extra behaviour associated with a key event\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.key_event = function (event, name) {\n // Prevent repeat events\n if (name === 'key_press') {\n if (event.key === this._key) {\n return;\n } else {\n this._key = event.key;\n }\n }\n if (name === 'key_release') {\n this._key = null;\n }\n\n var value = '';\n if (event.ctrlKey && event.key !== 'Control') {\n value += 'ctrl+';\n }\n else if (event.altKey && event.key !== 'Alt') {\n value += 'alt+';\n }\n else if (event.shiftKey && event.key !== 'Shift') {\n value += 'shift+';\n }\n\n value += 'k' + event.key;\n\n this._key_event_extra(event, name);\n\n this.send_message(name, { key: value, guiEvent: simpleKeys(event) });\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onclick = function (name) {\n if (name === 'download') {\n this.handle_save(this, null);\n } else {\n this.send_message('toolbar_button', { name: name });\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onmouseover = function (tooltip) {\n this.message.textContent = tooltip;\n};\n\n///////////////// REMAINING CONTENT GENERATED BY embed_js.py /////////////////\n// prettier-ignore\nvar _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER=function(A){var t,i=new WeakMap,n=new WeakMap,a=new WeakMap,r=new WeakMap,o=new Set;function s(e){if(!(this instanceof s))throw new TypeError(\"Constructor requires 'new' operator\");i.set(this,e)}function h(){throw new TypeError(\"Function is not a constructor\")}function c(e,t,i,n){e=0 in arguments?Number(arguments[0]):0,t=1 in arguments?Number(arguments[1]):0,i=2 in arguments?Number(arguments[2]):0,n=3 in arguments?Number(arguments[3]):0,this.right=(this.x=this.left=e)+(this.width=i),this.bottom=(this.y=this.top=t)+(this.height=n),Object.freeze(this)}function d(){t=requestAnimationFrame(d);var s=new WeakMap,p=new Set;o.forEach((function(t){r.get(t).forEach((function(i){var r=t instanceof window.SVGElement,o=a.get(t),d=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingTop),f=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingRight),l=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingBottom),u=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingLeft),g=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderTopWidth),m=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderRightWidth),w=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderBottomWidth),b=u+f,F=d+l,v=(r?0:parseFloat(o.borderLeftWidth))+m,W=g+w,y=r?0:t.offsetHeight-W-t.clientHeight,E=r?0:t.offsetWidth-v-t.clientWidth,R=b+v,z=F+W,M=r?t.width:parseFloat(o.width)-R-E,O=r?t.height:parseFloat(o.height)-z-y;if(n.has(t)){var k=n.get(t);if(k[0]===M&&k[1]===O)return}n.set(t,[M,O]);var S=Object.create(h.prototype);S.target=t,S.contentRect=new c(u,d,M,O),s.has(i)||(s.set(i,[]),p.add(i)),s.get(i).push(S)}))})),p.forEach((function(e){i.get(e).call(e,s.get(e),e)}))}return s.prototype.observe=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element){r.has(i)||(r.set(i,new Set),o.add(i),a.set(i,window.getComputedStyle(i)));var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)||n.add(this),cancelAnimationFrame(t),t=requestAnimationFrame(d)}},s.prototype.unobserve=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element&&r.has(i)){var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)&&(n.delete(this),n.size||(r.delete(i),o.delete(i))),n.size||r.delete(i),o.size||cancelAnimationFrame(t)}},A.DOMRectReadOnly=c,A.ResizeObserver=s,A.ResizeObserverEntry=h,A}; // eslint-disable-line\nmpl.toolbar_items = [[\"Home\", \"Reset original view\", \"fa fa-home icon-home\", \"home\"], [\"Back\", \"Back to previous view\", \"fa fa-arrow-left icon-arrow-left\", \"back\"], [\"Forward\", \"Forward to next view\", \"fa fa-arrow-right icon-arrow-right\", \"forward\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Pan\", \"Left button pans, Right button zooms\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-arrows icon-move\", \"pan\"], [\"Zoom\", \"Zoom to rectangle\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-square-o icon-check-empty\", \"zoom\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Download\", \"Download plot\", \"fa fa-floppy-o icon-save\", \"download\"]];\n\nmpl.extensions = [\"eps\", \"jpeg\", \"pgf\", \"pdf\", \"png\", \"ps\", \"raw\", \"svg\", \"tif\"];\n\nmpl.default_extension = \"png\";/* global mpl */\n\nvar comm_websocket_adapter = function (comm) {\n // Create a \"websocket\"-like object which calls the given IPython comm\n // object with the appropriate methods. Currently this is a non binary\n // socket, so there is still some room for performance tuning.\n var ws = {};\n\n ws.binaryType = comm.kernel.ws.binaryType;\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n function updateReadyState(_event) {\n if (comm.kernel.ws) {\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n } else {\n ws.readyState = 3; // Closed state.\n }\n }\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('open', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('close', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('error', updateReadyState);\n\n ws.close = function () {\n comm.close();\n };\n ws.send = function (m) {\n //console.log('sending', m);\n comm.send(m);\n };\n // Register the callback with on_msg.\n comm.on_msg(function (msg) {\n //console.log('receiving', msg['content']['data'], msg);\n var data = msg['content']['data'];\n if (data['blob'] !== undefined) {\n data = {\n data: new Blob(msg['buffers'], { type: data['blob'] }),\n };\n }\n // Pass the mpl event to the overridden (by mpl) onmessage function.\n ws.onmessage(data);\n });\n return ws;\n};\n\nmpl.mpl_figure_comm = function (comm, msg) {\n // This is the function which gets called when the mpl process\n // starts-up an IPython Comm through the \"matplotlib\" channel.\n\n var id = msg.content.data.id;\n // Get hold of the div created by the display call when the Comm\n // socket was opened in Python.\n var element = document.getElementById(id);\n var ws_proxy = comm_websocket_adapter(comm);\n\n function ondownload(figure, _format) {\n window.open(figure.canvas.toDataURL());\n }\n\n var fig = new mpl.figure(id, ws_proxy, ondownload, element);\n\n // Call onopen now - mpl needs it, as it is assuming we've passed it a real\n // web socket which is closed, not our websocket->open comm proxy.\n ws_proxy.onopen();\n\n fig.parent_element = element;\n fig.cell_info = mpl.find_output_cell(\"
\");\n if (!fig.cell_info) {\n console.error('Failed to find cell for figure', id, fig);\n return;\n }\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.on(\n 'cleared',\n { fig: fig },\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_close = function (fig, msg) {\n var width = fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio;\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.off(\n 'cleared',\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n fig.resizeObserverInstance.unobserve(fig.canvas_div);\n\n // Update the output cell to use the data from the current canvas.\n fig.push_to_output();\n var dataURL = fig.canvas.toDataURL();\n // Re-enable the keyboard manager in IPython - without this line, in FF,\n // the notebook keyboard shortcuts fail.\n IPython.keyboard_manager.enable();\n fig.parent_element.innerHTML =\n '';\n fig.close_ws(fig, msg);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.close_ws = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.send_message('closing', msg);\n // fig.ws.close()\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.push_to_output = function (_remove_interactive) {\n // Turn the data on the canvas into data in the output cell.\n var width = this.canvas.width / this.ratio;\n var dataURL = this.canvas.toDataURL();\n this.cell_info[1]['text/html'] =\n '';\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Tell IPython that the notebook contents must change.\n IPython.notebook.set_dirty(true);\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n var fig = this;\n // Wait a second, then push the new image to the DOM so\n // that it is saved nicely (might be nice to debounce this).\n setTimeout(function () {\n fig.push_to_output();\n }, 1000);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'btn-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n var button;\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n button = fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-default';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = name;\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n // Add the status bar.\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message pull-right';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n\n // Add the close button to the window.\n var buttongrp = document.createElement('div');\n buttongrp.classList = 'btn-group inline pull-right';\n button = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-mini btn-primary';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = 'Stop Interaction';\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', function (_evt) {\n fig.handle_close(fig, {});\n });\n button.addEventListener(\n 'mouseover',\n on_mouseover_closure('Stop Interaction')\n );\n buttongrp.appendChild(button);\n var titlebar = this.root.querySelector('.ui-dialog-titlebar');\n titlebar.insertBefore(buttongrp, titlebar.firstChild);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._remove_fig_handler = function (event) {\n var fig = event.data.fig;\n if (event.target !== this) {\n // Ignore bubbled events from children.\n return;\n }\n fig.close_ws(fig, {});\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (el) {\n el.style.boxSizing = 'content-box'; // override notebook setting of border-box.\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (el) {\n // this is important to make the div 'focusable\n el.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);\n // reach out to IPython and tell the keyboard manager to turn it's self\n // off when our div gets focus\n\n // location in version 3\n if (IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager) {\n IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n } else {\n // location in version 2\n IPython.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (event, _name) {\n var manager = IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager;\n if (!manager) {\n manager = IPython.keyboard_manager;\n }\n\n // Check for shift+enter\n if (event.shiftKey && event.which === 13) {\n this.canvas_div.blur();\n // select the cell after this one\n var index = IPython.notebook.find_cell_index(this.cell_info[0]);\n IPython.notebook.select(index + 1);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n fig.ondownload(fig, null);\n};\n\nmpl.find_output_cell = function (html_output) {\n // Return the cell and output element which can be found *uniquely* in the notebook.\n // Note - this is a bit hacky, but it is done because the \"notebook_saving.Notebook\"\n // IPython event is triggered only after the cells have been serialised, which for\n // our purposes (turning an active figure into a static one), is too late.\n var cells = IPython.notebook.get_cells();\n var ncells = cells.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < ncells; i++) {\n var cell = cells[i];\n if (cell.cell_type === 'code') {\n for (var j = 0; j < cell.output_area.outputs.length; j++) {\n var data = cell.output_area.outputs[j];\n if (data.data) {\n // IPython >= 3 moved mimebundle to data attribute of output\n data = data.data;\n }\n if (data['text/html'] === html_output) {\n return [cell, data, j];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Register the function which deals with the matplotlib target/channel.\n// The kernel may be null if the page has been refreshed.\nif (IPython.notebook.kernel !== null) {\n IPython.notebook.kernel.comm_manager.register_target(\n 'matplotlib',\n mpl.mpl_figure_comm\n );\n}\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "4e2d81d1237e49af87790760758b7d64", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "interactive(children=(IntSlider(value=500, description='R', layout=Layout(width='100%'), max=1000, min=1), Out…" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Plot transfer function for a given low pass circuit\n", "fig = plt.figure(figsize=(9, 5))\n", "ws = 2 * math.pi * 10 ** torch.linspace(0, 6, 1000)\n", "mags = 20 * torch.log10(evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_init))\n", "cutoff = ws[np.argmax(mags < cutoff_dB)]\n", "tf, = plt.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags, linewidth=3)\n", "cut = plt.axvline(cutoff / (2 * math.pi), c=\"red\", linestyle=\"--\", linewidth=3)\n", "plt.xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "plt.ylim([-60, 1])\n", "plt.title(\"Low Pass Transfer Function\")\n", "plt.xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "plt.ylabel(\"dB\")\n", "plt.grid(which=\"both\")\n", "leg = plt.legend([\"Transfer Function\", f\"Cutoff Frequency ({1 / (2 * math.pi * R_init * cap_value):.0f} Hz)\"])\n", "\n", "# Plot table of LED on/off values (predicted and desired)\n", "ws_test = 2 * math.pi * np.linspace(300, 1500, num=7)\n", "table_txt = np.zeros((3, len(ws_test) + 1), dtype=\"U15\")\n", "table_txt[0, :] = [\"Frequency\"] + [f\"{w / (2 * math.pi):.0f} Hz\" for w in ws_test]\n", "table_txt[1:, 0] = [\"Predicted\", \"Desired\"]\n", "table_colors = np.zeros_like(table_txt, dtype=(np.int32, (3,)))\n", "table_colors[-1, 1:4] = (1, 0, 0)\n", "table_colors[1, 1] = (1, 0, 0)\n", "table_colors[:, :1] = (1, 1, 1)\n", "table_colors[:1, :] = (1, 1, 1)\n", "tab = plt.table(table_txt, table_colors, bbox=[0.0, -0.5, 1.0, 0.25], cellLoc=\"center\")\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "\n", "# Main update function for interactive plot\n", "def update_lights(R=R_init):\n", " mags = 20 * torch.log10(evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R))\n", " cutoff = ws[np.argmax(mags < cutoff_dB)]\n", " tf.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags)\n", " cut.set_xdata(cutoff / (2 * math.pi))\n", " for i, w in enumerate(ws_test):\n", " if w < cutoff:\n", " tab[(1, i+1)].set_facecolor((1, 0, 0))\n", " else:\n", " tab[(1, i+1)].set_facecolor((0, 0, 0))\n", " leg.get_texts()[1].set_text(f\"Cutoff Frequency ({1 / (2 * math.pi * R * cap_value):.0f} Hz)\")\n", " fig.canvas.draw_idle()\n", " \n", "# Include sliders for relevant quantities\n", "ip = interactive(update_lights, \n", " R=widgets.IntSlider(value=R_init, min=1, max=1000, step=1, description=\"R\", layout=Layout(width='100%')))\n", "ip" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "943a723c", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## (c) Learning a Low Pass Filter from Desired Transfer Function Samples" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 6, "id": "eb078f6c", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# PyTorch model of the low pass circuit (for training)\n", "class LowPassCircuit(nn.Module):\n", " def __init__(self, R=None):\n", " super().__init__()\n", " self.R = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(R, dtype=float) if R is not None else torch.rand(1) * 1000)\n", " \n", " # Note: the forward function is called automatically when the __call__ function of this object is called\n", " def forward(self, freqs):\n", " return evaluate_lp_circuit(freqs, self.R)\n", " \n", "# Generate training data in a uniform log scale of frequences, then evaluate using the true transfer function\n", "def generate_lp_training_data(n):\n", " rand_ws = 2 * math.pi * torch.pow(10, torch.rand(n) * 6)\n", " labels = evaluate_lp_circuit(rand_ws, R_low_des)\n", " return rand_ws, labels\n", "\n", "# Train a given low pass filter\n", "def train_lp_circuit_tf(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr):\n", " \n", " R_values = [float(circuit.R.data)]\n", " grad_values = [np.nan]\n", " train_data = generate_lp_training_data(dataset_size)\n", " print(f\"Initial Resistor Value: R = {float(circuit.R.data):.0f}\")\n", " iter_bar = tqdm.trange(max_training_steps, desc=\"Training Iter\")\n", " for i in iter_bar:\n", " pred = circuit(train_data[0])\n", " loss = loss_fn(pred, train_data[1]).mean()\n", " grad = torch.autograd.grad(loss, circuit.R)\n", " with torch.no_grad():\n", " circuit.R -= lr * grad[0]\n", "\n", " R_values.append(float(circuit.R.data))\n", " grad_values.append(float(grad[0].data))\n", " iter_bar.set_postfix_str(f\"Loss: {float(loss.data):.3f}, R={float(circuit.R.data):.0f}\")\n", " if loss.data < 1e-6 or abs(grad[0].data) < 1e-6:\n", " break\n", "\n", " print(f\"Final Resistor Value: R = {float(circuit.R.data):.0f}\") \n", " return train_data, R_values, grad_values" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 7, "id": "4502a565", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Initial Resistor Value: R = 500\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Training Iter: 0%| | 87/100000 [00:00<02:06, 792.06it/s, Loss: 0.000, R=200]" ] }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Final Resistor Value: R = 200\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Create a circuit, use mean squared error loss w/ learning rate of 1000, dataset size 1k and max 100k training steps\n", "circuit = LowPassCircuit(500)\n", "loss_fn = lambda x, y: (x - y) ** 2\n", "lr = 1e5\n", "train_data_low_tf, R_values_low_tf, grad_values_low_tf = train_lp_circuit_tf(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 8, "id": "79fe9b39", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n/* global mpl */\nwindow.mpl = {};\n\nmpl.get_websocket_type = function () {\n if (typeof WebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return WebSocket;\n } else if (typeof MozWebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return MozWebSocket;\n } else {\n alert(\n 'Your browser does not have WebSocket support. ' +\n 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.'\n );\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure = function (figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n this.id = figure_id;\n\n this.ws = websocket;\n\n this.supports_binary = this.ws.binaryType !== undefined;\n\n if (!this.supports_binary) {\n var warnings = document.getElementById('mpl-warnings');\n if (warnings) {\n warnings.style.display = 'block';\n warnings.textContent =\n 'This browser does not support binary websocket messages. ' +\n 'Performance may be slow.';\n }\n }\n\n this.imageObj = new Image();\n\n this.context = undefined;\n this.message = undefined;\n this.canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n\n this.image_mode = 'full';\n\n this.root = document.createElement('div');\n this.root.setAttribute('style', 'display: inline-block');\n this._root_extra_style(this.root);\n\n parent_element.appendChild(this.root);\n\n this._init_header(this);\n this._init_canvas(this);\n this._init_toolbar(this);\n\n var fig = this;\n\n this.waiting = false;\n\n this.ws.onopen = function () {\n fig.send_message('supports_binary', { value: fig.supports_binary });\n fig.send_message('send_image_mode', {});\n if (fig.ratio !== 1) {\n fig.send_message('set_dpi_ratio', { dpi_ratio: fig.ratio });\n }\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onload = function () {\n if (fig.image_mode === 'full') {\n // Full images could contain transparency (where diff images\n // almost always do), so we need to clear the canvas so that\n // there is no ghosting.\n fig.context.clearRect(0, 0, fig.canvas.width, fig.canvas.height);\n }\n fig.context.drawImage(fig.imageObj, 0, 0);\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onunload = function () {\n fig.ws.close();\n };\n\n this.ws.onmessage = this._make_on_message_function(this);\n\n this.ondownload = ondownload;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_header = function () {\n var titlebar = document.createElement('div');\n titlebar.classList =\n 'ui-dialog-titlebar ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix';\n var titletext = document.createElement('div');\n titletext.classList = 'ui-dialog-title';\n titletext.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: 100%; 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position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1;'\n );\n\n // Apply a ponyfill if ResizeObserver is not implemented by browser.\n if (this.ResizeObserver === undefined) {\n if (window.ResizeObserver !== undefined) {\n this.ResizeObserver = window.ResizeObserver;\n } else {\n var obs = _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER({});\n this.ResizeObserver = obs.ResizeObserver;\n }\n }\n\n this.resizeObserverInstance = new this.ResizeObserver(function (entries) {\n var nentries = entries.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < nentries; i++) {\n var entry = entries[i];\n var width, height;\n if (entry.contentBoxSize) {\n if (entry.contentBoxSize instanceof Array) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;\n } else {\n // Firefox implements old version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize.inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize.blockSize;\n }\n } else {\n // Chrome <84 implements even older version of spec.\n width = entry.contentRect.width;\n height = entry.contentRect.height;\n }\n\n // Keep the size of the canvas and rubber band canvas in sync with\n // the canvas container.\n if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'width',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize\n );\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'height',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize\n );\n } else {\n canvas.setAttribute('width', width * fig.ratio);\n canvas.setAttribute('height', height * fig.ratio);\n }\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: ' + width + 'px; height: ' + height + 'px;'\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('width', width);\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('height', height);\n\n // And update the size in Python. We ignore the initial 0/0 size\n // that occurs as the element is placed into the DOM, which should\n // otherwise not happen due to the minimum size styling.\n if (fig.ws.readyState == 1 && width != 0 && height != 0) {\n fig.request_resize(width, height);\n }\n }\n });\n this.resizeObserverInstance.observe(canvas_div);\n\n function on_mouse_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.mouse_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousedown',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_press')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseup',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_release')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'dblclick',\n on_mouse_event_closure('dblclick')\n );\n // Throttle sequential mouse events to 1 every 20ms.\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousemove',\n on_mouse_event_closure('motion_notify')\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseenter',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_enter')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseleave',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_leave')\n );\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener('wheel', function (event) {\n if (event.deltaY < 0) {\n event.step = 1;\n } else {\n event.step = -1;\n }\n on_mouse_event_closure('scroll')(event);\n });\n\n canvas_div.appendChild(canvas);\n canvas_div.appendChild(rubberband_canvas);\n\n this.rubberband_context = rubberband_canvas.getContext('2d');\n this.rubberband_context.strokeStyle = '#000000';\n\n this._resize_canvas = function (width, height, forward) {\n if (forward) {\n canvas_div.style.width = width + 'px';\n canvas_div.style.height = height + 'px';\n }\n };\n\n // Disable right mouse context menu.\n this.rubberband_canvas.addEventListener('contextmenu', function (_e) {\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n });\n\n function set_focus() {\n canvas.focus();\n canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n window.setTimeout(set_focus, 100);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'mpl-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n var button = (fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button'));\n button.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n button.setAttribute('role', 'button');\n button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n\n var icon_img = document.createElement('img');\n icon_img.src = '_images/' + image + '.png';\n icon_img.srcset = '_images/' + image + '_large.png 2x';\n icon_img.alt = tooltip;\n button.appendChild(icon_img);\n\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n var fmt_picker = document.createElement('select');\n fmt_picker.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n toolbar.appendChild(fmt_picker);\n this.format_dropdown = fmt_picker;\n\n for (var ind in mpl.extensions) {\n var fmt = mpl.extensions[ind];\n var option = document.createElement('option');\n option.selected = fmt === mpl.default_extension;\n option.innerHTML = fmt;\n fmt_picker.appendChild(option);\n }\n\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.request_resize = function (x_pixels, y_pixels) {\n // Request matplotlib to resize the figure. Matplotlib will then trigger a resize in the client,\n // which will in turn request a refresh of the image.\n this.send_message('resize', { width: x_pixels, height: y_pixels });\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_message = function (type, properties) {\n properties['type'] = type;\n properties['figure_id'] = this.id;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(properties));\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_draw_message = function () {\n if (!this.waiting) {\n this.waiting = true;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'draw', figure_id: this.id }));\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n var format_dropdown = fig.format_dropdown;\n var format = format_dropdown.options[format_dropdown.selectedIndex].value;\n fig.ondownload(fig, format);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_resize = function (fig, msg) {\n var size = msg['size'];\n if (size[0] !== fig.canvas.width || size[1] !== fig.canvas.height) {\n fig._resize_canvas(size[0], size[1], msg['forward']);\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_rubberband = function (fig, msg) {\n var x0 = msg['x0'] / fig.ratio;\n var y0 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y0']) / fig.ratio;\n var x1 = msg['x1'] / fig.ratio;\n var y1 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y1']) / fig.ratio;\n x0 = Math.floor(x0) + 0.5;\n y0 = Math.floor(y0) + 0.5;\n x1 = Math.floor(x1) + 0.5;\n y1 = Math.floor(y1) + 0.5;\n var min_x = Math.min(x0, x1);\n var min_y = Math.min(y0, y1);\n var width = Math.abs(x1 - x0);\n var height = Math.abs(y1 - y0);\n\n fig.rubberband_context.clearRect(\n 0,\n 0,\n fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio,\n fig.canvas.height / fig.ratio\n );\n\n fig.rubberband_context.strokeRect(min_x, min_y, width, height);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_figure_label = function (fig, msg) {\n // Updates the figure title.\n fig.header.textContent = msg['label'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_cursor = function (fig, msg) {\n var cursor = msg['cursor'];\n switch (cursor) {\n case 0:\n cursor = 'pointer';\n break;\n case 1:\n cursor = 'default';\n break;\n case 2:\n cursor = 'crosshair';\n break;\n case 3:\n cursor = 'move';\n break;\n }\n fig.rubberband_canvas.style.cursor = cursor;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_message = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.message.textContent = msg['message'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_draw = function (fig, _msg) {\n // Request the server to send over a new figure.\n fig.send_draw_message();\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_image_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.image_mode = msg['mode'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_history_buttons = function (fig, msg) {\n for (var key in msg) {\n if (!(key in fig.buttons)) {\n continue;\n }\n fig.buttons[key].disabled = !msg[key];\n fig.buttons[key].setAttribute('aria-disabled', !msg[key]);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_navigate_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n if (msg['mode'] === 'PAN') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.add('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n } else if (msg['mode'] === 'ZOOM') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.add('active');\n } else {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Called whenever the canvas gets updated.\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n};\n\n// A function to construct a web socket function for onmessage handling.\n// Called in the figure constructor.\nmpl.figure.prototype._make_on_message_function = function (fig) {\n return function socket_on_message(evt) {\n if (evt.data instanceof Blob) {\n var img = evt.data;\n if (img.type !== 'image/png') {\n /* FIXME: We get \"Resource interpreted as Image but\n * transferred with MIME type text/plain:\" errors on\n * Chrome. But how to set the MIME type? It doesn't seem\n * to be part of the websocket stream */\n img.type = 'image/png';\n }\n\n /* Free the memory for the previous frames */\n if (fig.imageObj.src) {\n (window.URL || window.webkitURL).revokeObjectURL(\n fig.imageObj.src\n );\n }\n\n fig.imageObj.src = (window.URL || window.webkitURL).createObjectURL(\n img\n );\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n } else if (\n typeof evt.data === 'string' &&\n evt.data.slice(0, 21) === 'data:image/png;base64'\n ) {\n fig.imageObj.src = evt.data;\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n }\n\n var msg = JSON.parse(evt.data);\n var msg_type = msg['type'];\n\n // Call the \"handle_{type}\" callback, which takes\n // the figure and JSON message as its only arguments.\n try {\n var callback = fig['handle_' + msg_type];\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"No handler for the '\" + msg_type + \"' message type: \",\n msg\n );\n return;\n }\n\n if (callback) {\n try {\n // console.log(\"Handling '\" + msg_type + \"' message: \", msg);\n callback(fig, msg);\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"Exception inside the 'handler_\" + msg_type + \"' callback:\",\n e,\n e.stack,\n msg\n );\n }\n }\n };\n};\n\n// from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1114465/getting-mouse-location-in-canvas\nmpl.findpos = function (e) {\n //this section is from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html\n var targ;\n if (!e) {\n e = window.event;\n }\n if (e.target) {\n targ = e.target;\n } else if (e.srcElement) {\n targ = e.srcElement;\n }\n if (targ.nodeType === 3) {\n // defeat Safari bug\n targ = targ.parentNode;\n }\n\n // pageX,Y are the mouse positions relative to the document\n var boundingRect = targ.getBoundingClientRect();\n var x = e.pageX - (boundingRect.left + document.body.scrollLeft);\n var y = e.pageY - (boundingRect.top + document.body.scrollTop);\n\n return { x: x, y: y };\n};\n\n/*\n * return a copy of an object with only non-object keys\n * we need this to avoid circular references\n * http://stackoverflow.com/a/24161582/3208463\n */\nfunction simpleKeys(original) {\n return Object.keys(original).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n if (typeof original[key] !== 'object') {\n obj[key] = original[key];\n }\n return obj;\n }, {});\n}\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.mouse_event = function (event, name) {\n var canvas_pos = mpl.findpos(event);\n\n if (name === 'button_press') {\n this.canvas.focus();\n this.canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n var x = canvas_pos.x * this.ratio;\n var y = canvas_pos.y * this.ratio;\n\n this.send_message(name, {\n x: x,\n y: y,\n button: event.button,\n step: event.step,\n guiEvent: simpleKeys(event),\n });\n\n /* This prevents the web browser from automatically changing to\n * the text insertion cursor when the button is pressed. We want\n * to control all of the cursor setting manually through the\n * 'cursor' event from matplotlib */\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (_event, _name) {\n // Handle any extra behaviour associated with a key event\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.key_event = function (event, name) {\n // Prevent repeat events\n if (name === 'key_press') {\n if (event.key === this._key) {\n return;\n } else {\n this._key = event.key;\n }\n }\n if (name === 'key_release') {\n this._key = null;\n }\n\n var value = '';\n if (event.ctrlKey && event.key !== 'Control') {\n value += 'ctrl+';\n }\n else if (event.altKey && event.key !== 'Alt') {\n value += 'alt+';\n }\n else if (event.shiftKey && event.key !== 'Shift') {\n value += 'shift+';\n }\n\n value += 'k' + event.key;\n\n this._key_event_extra(event, name);\n\n this.send_message(name, { key: value, guiEvent: simpleKeys(event) });\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onclick = function (name) {\n if (name === 'download') {\n this.handle_save(this, null);\n } else {\n this.send_message('toolbar_button', { name: name });\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onmouseover = function (tooltip) {\n this.message.textContent = tooltip;\n};\n\n///////////////// REMAINING CONTENT GENERATED BY embed_js.py /////////////////\n// prettier-ignore\nvar _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER=function(A){var t,i=new WeakMap,n=new WeakMap,a=new WeakMap,r=new WeakMap,o=new Set;function s(e){if(!(this instanceof s))throw new TypeError(\"Constructor requires 'new' operator\");i.set(this,e)}function h(){throw new TypeError(\"Function is not a constructor\")}function c(e,t,i,n){e=0 in arguments?Number(arguments[0]):0,t=1 in arguments?Number(arguments[1]):0,i=2 in arguments?Number(arguments[2]):0,n=3 in arguments?Number(arguments[3]):0,this.right=(this.x=this.left=e)+(this.width=i),this.bottom=(this.y=this.top=t)+(this.height=n),Object.freeze(this)}function d(){t=requestAnimationFrame(d);var s=new WeakMap,p=new Set;o.forEach((function(t){r.get(t).forEach((function(i){var r=t instanceof window.SVGElement,o=a.get(t),d=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingTop),f=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingRight),l=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingBottom),u=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingLeft),g=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderTopWidth),m=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderRightWidth),w=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderBottomWidth),b=u+f,F=d+l,v=(r?0:parseFloat(o.borderLeftWidth))+m,W=g+w,y=r?0:t.offsetHeight-W-t.clientHeight,E=r?0:t.offsetWidth-v-t.clientWidth,R=b+v,z=F+W,M=r?t.width:parseFloat(o.width)-R-E,O=r?t.height:parseFloat(o.height)-z-y;if(n.has(t)){var k=n.get(t);if(k[0]===M&&k[1]===O)return}n.set(t,[M,O]);var S=Object.create(h.prototype);S.target=t,S.contentRect=new c(u,d,M,O),s.has(i)||(s.set(i,[]),p.add(i)),s.get(i).push(S)}))})),p.forEach((function(e){i.get(e).call(e,s.get(e),e)}))}return s.prototype.observe=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element){r.has(i)||(r.set(i,new Set),o.add(i),a.set(i,window.getComputedStyle(i)));var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)||n.add(this),cancelAnimationFrame(t),t=requestAnimationFrame(d)}},s.prototype.unobserve=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element&&r.has(i)){var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)&&(n.delete(this),n.size||(r.delete(i),o.delete(i))),n.size||r.delete(i),o.size||cancelAnimationFrame(t)}},A.DOMRectReadOnly=c,A.ResizeObserver=s,A.ResizeObserverEntry=h,A}; // eslint-disable-line\nmpl.toolbar_items = [[\"Home\", \"Reset original view\", \"fa fa-home icon-home\", \"home\"], [\"Back\", \"Back to previous view\", \"fa fa-arrow-left icon-arrow-left\", \"back\"], [\"Forward\", \"Forward to next view\", \"fa fa-arrow-right icon-arrow-right\", \"forward\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Pan\", \"Left button pans, Right button zooms\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-arrows icon-move\", \"pan\"], [\"Zoom\", \"Zoom to rectangle\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-square-o icon-check-empty\", \"zoom\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Download\", \"Download plot\", \"fa fa-floppy-o icon-save\", \"download\"]];\n\nmpl.extensions = [\"eps\", \"jpeg\", \"pgf\", \"pdf\", \"png\", \"ps\", \"raw\", \"svg\", \"tif\"];\n\nmpl.default_extension = \"png\";/* global mpl */\n\nvar comm_websocket_adapter = function (comm) {\n // Create a \"websocket\"-like object which calls the given IPython comm\n // object with the appropriate methods. Currently this is a non binary\n // socket, so there is still some room for performance tuning.\n var ws = {};\n\n ws.binaryType = comm.kernel.ws.binaryType;\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n function updateReadyState(_event) {\n if (comm.kernel.ws) {\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n } else {\n ws.readyState = 3; // Closed state.\n }\n }\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('open', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('close', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('error', updateReadyState);\n\n ws.close = function () {\n comm.close();\n };\n ws.send = function (m) {\n //console.log('sending', m);\n comm.send(m);\n };\n // Register the callback with on_msg.\n comm.on_msg(function (msg) {\n //console.log('receiving', msg['content']['data'], msg);\n var data = msg['content']['data'];\n if (data['blob'] !== undefined) {\n data = {\n data: new Blob(msg['buffers'], { type: data['blob'] }),\n };\n }\n // Pass the mpl event to the overridden (by mpl) onmessage function.\n ws.onmessage(data);\n });\n return ws;\n};\n\nmpl.mpl_figure_comm = function (comm, msg) {\n // This is the function which gets called when the mpl process\n // starts-up an IPython Comm through the \"matplotlib\" channel.\n\n var id = msg.content.data.id;\n // Get hold of the div created by the display call when the Comm\n // socket was opened in Python.\n var element = document.getElementById(id);\n var ws_proxy = comm_websocket_adapter(comm);\n\n function ondownload(figure, _format) {\n window.open(figure.canvas.toDataURL());\n }\n\n var fig = new mpl.figure(id, ws_proxy, ondownload, element);\n\n // Call onopen now - mpl needs it, as it is assuming we've passed it a real\n // web socket which is closed, not our websocket->open comm proxy.\n ws_proxy.onopen();\n\n fig.parent_element = element;\n fig.cell_info = mpl.find_output_cell(\"
\");\n if (!fig.cell_info) {\n console.error('Failed to find cell for figure', id, fig);\n return;\n }\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.on(\n 'cleared',\n { fig: fig },\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_close = function (fig, msg) {\n var width = fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio;\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.off(\n 'cleared',\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n fig.resizeObserverInstance.unobserve(fig.canvas_div);\n\n // Update the output cell to use the data from the current canvas.\n fig.push_to_output();\n var dataURL = fig.canvas.toDataURL();\n // Re-enable the keyboard manager in IPython - without this line, in FF,\n // the notebook keyboard shortcuts fail.\n IPython.keyboard_manager.enable();\n fig.parent_element.innerHTML =\n '';\n fig.close_ws(fig, msg);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.close_ws = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.send_message('closing', msg);\n // fig.ws.close()\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.push_to_output = function (_remove_interactive) {\n // Turn the data on the canvas into data in the output cell.\n var width = this.canvas.width / this.ratio;\n var dataURL = this.canvas.toDataURL();\n this.cell_info[1]['text/html'] =\n '';\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Tell IPython that the notebook contents must change.\n IPython.notebook.set_dirty(true);\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n var fig = this;\n // Wait a second, then push the new image to the DOM so\n // that it is saved nicely (might be nice to debounce this).\n setTimeout(function () {\n fig.push_to_output();\n }, 1000);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'btn-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n var button;\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n button = fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-default';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = name;\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n // Add the status bar.\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message pull-right';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n\n // Add the close button to the window.\n var buttongrp = document.createElement('div');\n buttongrp.classList = 'btn-group inline pull-right';\n button = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-mini btn-primary';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = 'Stop Interaction';\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', function (_evt) {\n fig.handle_close(fig, {});\n });\n button.addEventListener(\n 'mouseover',\n on_mouseover_closure('Stop Interaction')\n );\n buttongrp.appendChild(button);\n var titlebar = this.root.querySelector('.ui-dialog-titlebar');\n titlebar.insertBefore(buttongrp, titlebar.firstChild);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._remove_fig_handler = function (event) {\n var fig = event.data.fig;\n if (event.target !== this) {\n // Ignore bubbled events from children.\n return;\n }\n fig.close_ws(fig, {});\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (el) {\n el.style.boxSizing = 'content-box'; // override notebook setting of border-box.\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (el) {\n // this is important to make the div 'focusable\n el.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);\n // reach out to IPython and tell the keyboard manager to turn it's self\n // off when our div gets focus\n\n // location in version 3\n if (IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager) {\n IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n } else {\n // location in version 2\n IPython.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (event, _name) {\n var manager = IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager;\n if (!manager) {\n manager = IPython.keyboard_manager;\n }\n\n // Check for shift+enter\n if (event.shiftKey && event.which === 13) {\n this.canvas_div.blur();\n // select the cell after this one\n var index = IPython.notebook.find_cell_index(this.cell_info[0]);\n IPython.notebook.select(index + 1);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n fig.ondownload(fig, null);\n};\n\nmpl.find_output_cell = function (html_output) {\n // Return the cell and output element which can be found *uniquely* in the notebook.\n // Note - this is a bit hacky, but it is done because the \"notebook_saving.Notebook\"\n // IPython event is triggered only after the cells have been serialised, which for\n // our purposes (turning an active figure into a static one), is too late.\n var cells = IPython.notebook.get_cells();\n var ncells = cells.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < ncells; i++) {\n var cell = cells[i];\n if (cell.cell_type === 'code') {\n for (var j = 0; j < cell.output_area.outputs.length; j++) {\n var data = cell.output_area.outputs[j];\n if (data.data) {\n // IPython >= 3 moved mimebundle to data attribute of output\n data = data.data;\n }\n if (data['text/html'] === html_output) {\n return [cell, data, j];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Register the function which deals with the matplotlib target/channel.\n// The kernel may be null if the page has been refreshed.\nif (IPython.notebook.kernel !== null) {\n IPython.notebook.kernel.comm_manager.register_target(\n 'matplotlib',\n mpl.mpl_figure_comm\n );\n}\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "4f1cdd994b4f4ee28c34ea94452354f7", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "interactive(children=(IntSlider(value=0, description='Training Iteration', layout=Layout(width='100%'), max=88…" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Plot transfer function over training\n", "fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4)) = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(9, 6))\n", "ws = 2 * math.pi * 10 ** torch.linspace(0, 6, 1000)\n", "subsample = int(dataset_size / 100)\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_low_tf[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), 20 * torch.log10(train_data_low_tf[1][::subsample]), c=\"k\", marker=\"x\")\n", "learned_tf, = ax1.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), 20 * torch.log10(evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_values_low_tf[0])), linewidth=3)\n", "ax1.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax1.set_title(\"Transfer Function\")\n", "ax1.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax1.set_ylabel(\"dB\")\n", "ax1.legend([\"Learned Transfer Function\", \"True Transfer Function Samples\"])\n", "\n", "# Show loss surface over training\n", "eval_pts = torch.arange(10, 1001, 1)\n", "eval_vals = evaluate_lp_circuit(train_data_low_tf[0][:, None], eval_pts[None, :])\n", "loss_surface_mse = loss_fn(eval_vals, train_data_low_tf[1][:, None].expand(eval_vals.shape))\n", "ax2.plot(eval_pts, loss_surface_mse.sum(0), linewidth=3)\n", "cur_loss, = ax2.plot(R_values_low_tf[0], loss_surface_mse[:, int(R_values_low_tf[0] - 10)].sum(0), marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_loss_label = ax2.annotate(f\"R = {R_values_low_tf[0]:.0f}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.82, 0.9), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax2.set_title(\"Loss Surface\")\n", "ax2.set_xlim([0, 1000])\n", "ax2.set_xlabel(\"$R \\; (\\Omega)$\")\n", "ax2.set_ylabel(\"Loss\")\n", "\n", "# Show loss contributions of each data point\n", "cur_circuit = LowPassCircuit(R_values_low_tf[0])\n", "data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_low_tf[0][::subsample]), (train_data_low_tf[1][::subsample]).float())\n", "data_grads = torch.zeros(len(data_losses))\n", "for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.autograd.grad(dl, cur_circuit.R, retain_graph=True)[0]\n", "data_grads_scat = ax3.scatter(train_data_low_tf[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads, marker=\"x\", c=\"k\")\n", "ax3.set_xscale(\"log\")\n", "ax3.set_ylabel(\"Derivative\")\n", "ax3.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax3.set_ylim([-1e-4, 1e-3])\n", "ax3.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax3.set_title(\"Derivative by Training Datapoint\")\n", "\n", "# Show total gradient at each training iteration\n", "ax4.plot(np.arange(len(grad_values_low_tf)), grad_values_low_tf, linewidth=3)\n", "cur_iter, = ax4.plot(0, grad_values_low_tf[0], marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_grad_label = ax4.annotate(f\"Grad = {grad_values_low_tf[0]:.2e}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.65, 0.9), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax4.set_xlabel(\"Training Iteration\")\n", "ax4.set_ylabel(\"Gradient\")\n", "ax4.set_title(\"Gradients\")\n", "ax4.set_xlim([-1, len(grad_values_low_tf)])\n", "\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "\n", "# Main update function for interactive plots\n", "def update_iter_tf(t=0):\n", " learned_tf.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), 20 * torch.log10(evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_values_low_tf[t])))\n", " cur_loss.set_data(R_values_low_tf[t], loss_surface_mse[:, int(R_values_low_tf[t] - 10)].sum(0))\n", " cur_loss_label.set_text(f\"R = {R_values_low_tf[t]:.0f}\")\n", " cur_iter.set_data(t, grad_values_low_tf[t])\n", " cur_grad_label.set_text(f\"Grad = {grad_values_low_tf[t]:.2e}\")\n", " cur_circuit = LowPassCircuit(R_values_low_tf[t])\n", " data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_low_tf[0][::subsample]), (train_data_low_tf[1][::subsample]).float())\n", " data_grads = torch.zeros(len(data_losses))\n", " for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.autograd.grad(dl, cur_circuit.R, retain_graph=True)[0]\n", " data_grads_scat.set_offsets(torch.stack((train_data_low_tf[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads)).T)\n", " fig.canvas.draw_idle()\n", " \n", "# Include sliders for relevant quantities\n", "ip = interactive(update_iter_tf, \n", " t=widgets.IntSlider(value=0, min=0, max=len(R_values_low_tf) - 1, step=1, description=\"Training Iteration\", style={'description_width': 'initial'}, layout=Layout(width='100%')))\n", "ip" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "38bd4f56", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## (d) Learning a Low Pass Filter from Binary Data with Mean Squared Error Loss" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 9, "id": "cd02eb2e", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# Train a given low pass filter from binary data\n", "def train_lp_circuit_binary(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr):\n", " \n", " R_values = [float(circuit.R.data)]\n", " grad_values = [np.nan]\n", " train_data = generate_lp_training_data(dataset_size)\n", " print(f\"Initial Resistor Value: R = {float(circuit.R.data):.0f}\")\n", " iter_bar = tqdm.trange(max_training_steps, desc=\"Training Iter\")\n", " for i in iter_bar:\n", " pred = circuit(train_data[0])\n", " ### SOLUTION START\n", " loss = loss_fn(pred, (train_data[1] > cutoff_mag).float()).mean()\n", " ### SOLUTION END\n", " grad = torch.autograd.grad(loss, circuit.R)\n", " with torch.no_grad():\n", " circuit.R -= lr * grad[0]\n", "\n", " R_values.append(float(circuit.R.data))\n", " grad_values.append(float(grad[0].data))\n", " iter_bar.set_postfix_str(f\"Loss: {float(loss.data):.3f}, R={float(circuit.R.data):.0f}\")\n", " if loss.data < 1e-6 or abs(grad[0].data) < 1e-6:\n", " break\n", "\n", " print(f\"Final Resistor Value: R = {float(circuit.R.data):.0f}\") \n", " return train_data, R_values, grad_values" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 10, "id": "93cf1d40", "metadata": { "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Initial Resistor Value: R = 400\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Training Iter: 38%|█████████████▏ | 37754/100000 [00:47<01:19, 786.74it/s, Loss: 0.019, R=341]" ] }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Final Resistor Value: R = 341\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Create a circuit, use MSE loss with learning rate of 200, batch size 1k and max 100k training steps\n", "circuit = LowPassCircuit(400)\n", "loss_fn = lambda x, y: (x - y) ** 2\n", "lr = 200\n", "train_data_low_bin, R_values_low_bin, grad_values_low_bin = train_lp_circuit_binary(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 11, "id": "0f86febe", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n/* global mpl */\nwindow.mpl = {};\n\nmpl.get_websocket_type = function () {\n if (typeof WebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return WebSocket;\n } else if (typeof MozWebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return MozWebSocket;\n } else {\n alert(\n 'Your browser does not have WebSocket support. ' +\n 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.'\n );\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure = function (figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n this.id = figure_id;\n\n this.ws = websocket;\n\n this.supports_binary = this.ws.binaryType !== undefined;\n\n if (!this.supports_binary) {\n var warnings = document.getElementById('mpl-warnings');\n if (warnings) {\n warnings.style.display = 'block';\n warnings.textContent =\n 'This browser does not support binary websocket messages. ' +\n 'Performance may be slow.';\n }\n }\n\n this.imageObj = new Image();\n\n this.context = undefined;\n this.message = undefined;\n this.canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n\n this.image_mode = 'full';\n\n this.root = document.createElement('div');\n this.root.setAttribute('style', 'display: inline-block');\n this._root_extra_style(this.root);\n\n parent_element.appendChild(this.root);\n\n this._init_header(this);\n this._init_canvas(this);\n this._init_toolbar(this);\n\n var fig = this;\n\n this.waiting = false;\n\n this.ws.onopen = function () {\n fig.send_message('supports_binary', { value: fig.supports_binary });\n fig.send_message('send_image_mode', {});\n if (fig.ratio !== 1) {\n fig.send_message('set_dpi_ratio', { dpi_ratio: fig.ratio });\n }\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onload = function () {\n if (fig.image_mode === 'full') {\n // Full images could contain transparency (where diff images\n // almost always do), so we need to clear the canvas so that\n // there is no ghosting.\n fig.context.clearRect(0, 0, fig.canvas.width, fig.canvas.height);\n }\n fig.context.drawImage(fig.imageObj, 0, 0);\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onunload = function () {\n fig.ws.close();\n };\n\n this.ws.onmessage = this._make_on_message_function(this);\n\n this.ondownload = ondownload;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_header = function () {\n var titlebar = document.createElement('div');\n titlebar.classList =\n 'ui-dialog-titlebar ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix';\n var titletext = document.createElement('div');\n titletext.classList = 'ui-dialog-title';\n titletext.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: 100%; 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position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1;'\n );\n\n // Apply a ponyfill if ResizeObserver is not implemented by browser.\n if (this.ResizeObserver === undefined) {\n if (window.ResizeObserver !== undefined) {\n this.ResizeObserver = window.ResizeObserver;\n } else {\n var obs = _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER({});\n this.ResizeObserver = obs.ResizeObserver;\n }\n }\n\n this.resizeObserverInstance = new this.ResizeObserver(function (entries) {\n var nentries = entries.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < nentries; i++) {\n var entry = entries[i];\n var width, height;\n if (entry.contentBoxSize) {\n if (entry.contentBoxSize instanceof Array) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;\n } else {\n // Firefox implements old version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize.inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize.blockSize;\n }\n } else {\n // Chrome <84 implements even older version of spec.\n width = entry.contentRect.width;\n height = entry.contentRect.height;\n }\n\n // Keep the size of the canvas and rubber band canvas in sync with\n // the canvas container.\n if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'width',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize\n );\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'height',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize\n );\n } else {\n canvas.setAttribute('width', width * fig.ratio);\n canvas.setAttribute('height', height * fig.ratio);\n }\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: ' + width + 'px; height: ' + height + 'px;'\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('width', width);\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('height', height);\n\n // And update the size in Python. We ignore the initial 0/0 size\n // that occurs as the element is placed into the DOM, which should\n // otherwise not happen due to the minimum size styling.\n if (fig.ws.readyState == 1 && width != 0 && height != 0) {\n fig.request_resize(width, height);\n }\n }\n });\n this.resizeObserverInstance.observe(canvas_div);\n\n function on_mouse_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.mouse_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousedown',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_press')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseup',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_release')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'dblclick',\n on_mouse_event_closure('dblclick')\n );\n // Throttle sequential mouse events to 1 every 20ms.\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousemove',\n on_mouse_event_closure('motion_notify')\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseenter',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_enter')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseleave',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_leave')\n );\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener('wheel', function (event) {\n if (event.deltaY < 0) {\n event.step = 1;\n } else {\n event.step = -1;\n }\n on_mouse_event_closure('scroll')(event);\n });\n\n canvas_div.appendChild(canvas);\n canvas_div.appendChild(rubberband_canvas);\n\n this.rubberband_context = rubberband_canvas.getContext('2d');\n this.rubberband_context.strokeStyle = '#000000';\n\n this._resize_canvas = function (width, height, forward) {\n if (forward) {\n canvas_div.style.width = width + 'px';\n canvas_div.style.height = height + 'px';\n }\n };\n\n // Disable right mouse context menu.\n this.rubberband_canvas.addEventListener('contextmenu', function (_e) {\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n });\n\n function set_focus() {\n canvas.focus();\n canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n window.setTimeout(set_focus, 100);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'mpl-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n var button = (fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button'));\n button.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n button.setAttribute('role', 'button');\n button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n\n var icon_img = document.createElement('img');\n icon_img.src = '_images/' + image + '.png';\n icon_img.srcset = '_images/' + image + '_large.png 2x';\n icon_img.alt = tooltip;\n button.appendChild(icon_img);\n\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n var fmt_picker = document.createElement('select');\n fmt_picker.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n toolbar.appendChild(fmt_picker);\n this.format_dropdown = fmt_picker;\n\n for (var ind in mpl.extensions) {\n var fmt = mpl.extensions[ind];\n var option = document.createElement('option');\n option.selected = fmt === mpl.default_extension;\n option.innerHTML = fmt;\n fmt_picker.appendChild(option);\n }\n\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.request_resize = function (x_pixels, y_pixels) {\n // Request matplotlib to resize the figure. Matplotlib will then trigger a resize in the client,\n // which will in turn request a refresh of the image.\n this.send_message('resize', { width: x_pixels, height: y_pixels });\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_message = function (type, properties) {\n properties['type'] = type;\n properties['figure_id'] = this.id;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(properties));\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_draw_message = function () {\n if (!this.waiting) {\n this.waiting = true;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'draw', figure_id: this.id }));\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n var format_dropdown = fig.format_dropdown;\n var format = format_dropdown.options[format_dropdown.selectedIndex].value;\n fig.ondownload(fig, format);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_resize = function (fig, msg) {\n var size = msg['size'];\n if (size[0] !== fig.canvas.width || size[1] !== fig.canvas.height) {\n fig._resize_canvas(size[0], size[1], msg['forward']);\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_rubberband = function (fig, msg) {\n var x0 = msg['x0'] / fig.ratio;\n var y0 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y0']) / fig.ratio;\n var x1 = msg['x1'] / fig.ratio;\n var y1 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y1']) / fig.ratio;\n x0 = Math.floor(x0) + 0.5;\n y0 = Math.floor(y0) + 0.5;\n x1 = Math.floor(x1) + 0.5;\n y1 = Math.floor(y1) + 0.5;\n var min_x = Math.min(x0, x1);\n var min_y = Math.min(y0, y1);\n var width = Math.abs(x1 - x0);\n var height = Math.abs(y1 - y0);\n\n fig.rubberband_context.clearRect(\n 0,\n 0,\n fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio,\n fig.canvas.height / fig.ratio\n );\n\n fig.rubberband_context.strokeRect(min_x, min_y, width, height);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_figure_label = function (fig, msg) {\n // Updates the figure title.\n fig.header.textContent = msg['label'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_cursor = function (fig, msg) {\n var cursor = msg['cursor'];\n switch (cursor) {\n case 0:\n cursor = 'pointer';\n break;\n case 1:\n cursor = 'default';\n break;\n case 2:\n cursor = 'crosshair';\n break;\n case 3:\n cursor = 'move';\n break;\n }\n fig.rubberband_canvas.style.cursor = cursor;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_message = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.message.textContent = msg['message'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_draw = function (fig, _msg) {\n // Request the server to send over a new figure.\n fig.send_draw_message();\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_image_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.image_mode = msg['mode'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_history_buttons = function (fig, msg) {\n for (var key in msg) {\n if (!(key in fig.buttons)) {\n continue;\n }\n fig.buttons[key].disabled = !msg[key];\n fig.buttons[key].setAttribute('aria-disabled', !msg[key]);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_navigate_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n if (msg['mode'] === 'PAN') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.add('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n } else if (msg['mode'] === 'ZOOM') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.add('active');\n } else {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Called whenever the canvas gets updated.\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n};\n\n// A function to construct a web socket function for onmessage handling.\n// Called in the figure constructor.\nmpl.figure.prototype._make_on_message_function = function (fig) {\n return function socket_on_message(evt) {\n if (evt.data instanceof Blob) {\n var img = evt.data;\n if (img.type !== 'image/png') {\n /* FIXME: We get \"Resource interpreted as Image but\n * transferred with MIME type text/plain:\" errors on\n * Chrome. But how to set the MIME type? It doesn't seem\n * to be part of the websocket stream */\n img.type = 'image/png';\n }\n\n /* Free the memory for the previous frames */\n if (fig.imageObj.src) {\n (window.URL || window.webkitURL).revokeObjectURL(\n fig.imageObj.src\n );\n }\n\n fig.imageObj.src = (window.URL || window.webkitURL).createObjectURL(\n img\n );\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n } else if (\n typeof evt.data === 'string' &&\n evt.data.slice(0, 21) === 'data:image/png;base64'\n ) {\n fig.imageObj.src = evt.data;\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n }\n\n var msg = JSON.parse(evt.data);\n var msg_type = msg['type'];\n\n // Call the \"handle_{type}\" callback, which takes\n // the figure and JSON message as its only arguments.\n try {\n var callback = fig['handle_' + msg_type];\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"No handler for the '\" + msg_type + \"' message type: \",\n msg\n );\n return;\n }\n\n if (callback) {\n try {\n // console.log(\"Handling '\" + msg_type + \"' message: \", msg);\n callback(fig, msg);\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"Exception inside the 'handler_\" + msg_type + \"' callback:\",\n e,\n e.stack,\n msg\n );\n }\n }\n };\n};\n\n// from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1114465/getting-mouse-location-in-canvas\nmpl.findpos = function (e) {\n //this section is from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html\n var targ;\n if (!e) {\n e = window.event;\n }\n if (e.target) {\n targ = e.target;\n } else if (e.srcElement) {\n targ = e.srcElement;\n }\n if (targ.nodeType === 3) {\n // defeat Safari bug\n targ = targ.parentNode;\n }\n\n // pageX,Y are the mouse positions relative to the document\n var boundingRect = targ.getBoundingClientRect();\n var x = e.pageX - (boundingRect.left + document.body.scrollLeft);\n var y = e.pageY - (boundingRect.top + document.body.scrollTop);\n\n return { x: x, y: y };\n};\n\n/*\n * return a copy of an object with only non-object keys\n * we need this to avoid circular references\n * http://stackoverflow.com/a/24161582/3208463\n */\nfunction simpleKeys(original) {\n return Object.keys(original).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n if (typeof original[key] !== 'object') {\n obj[key] = original[key];\n }\n return obj;\n }, {});\n}\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.mouse_event = function (event, name) {\n var canvas_pos = mpl.findpos(event);\n\n if (name === 'button_press') {\n this.canvas.focus();\n this.canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n var x = canvas_pos.x * this.ratio;\n var y = canvas_pos.y * this.ratio;\n\n this.send_message(name, {\n x: x,\n y: y,\n button: event.button,\n step: event.step,\n guiEvent: simpleKeys(event),\n });\n\n /* This prevents the web browser from automatically changing to\n * the text insertion cursor when the button is pressed. We want\n * to control all of the cursor setting manually through the\n * 'cursor' event from matplotlib */\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (_event, _name) {\n // Handle any extra behaviour associated with a key event\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.key_event = function (event, name) {\n // Prevent repeat events\n if (name === 'key_press') {\n if (event.key === this._key) {\n return;\n } else {\n this._key = event.key;\n }\n }\n if (name === 'key_release') {\n this._key = null;\n }\n\n var value = '';\n if (event.ctrlKey && event.key !== 'Control') {\n value += 'ctrl+';\n }\n else if (event.altKey && event.key !== 'Alt') {\n value += 'alt+';\n }\n else if (event.shiftKey && event.key !== 'Shift') {\n value += 'shift+';\n }\n\n value += 'k' + event.key;\n\n this._key_event_extra(event, name);\n\n this.send_message(name, { key: value, guiEvent: simpleKeys(event) });\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onclick = function (name) {\n if (name === 'download') {\n this.handle_save(this, null);\n } else {\n this.send_message('toolbar_button', { name: name });\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onmouseover = function (tooltip) {\n this.message.textContent = tooltip;\n};\n\n///////////////// REMAINING CONTENT GENERATED BY embed_js.py /////////////////\n// prettier-ignore\nvar _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER=function(A){var t,i=new WeakMap,n=new WeakMap,a=new WeakMap,r=new WeakMap,o=new Set;function s(e){if(!(this instanceof s))throw new TypeError(\"Constructor requires 'new' operator\");i.set(this,e)}function h(){throw new TypeError(\"Function is not a constructor\")}function c(e,t,i,n){e=0 in arguments?Number(arguments[0]):0,t=1 in arguments?Number(arguments[1]):0,i=2 in arguments?Number(arguments[2]):0,n=3 in arguments?Number(arguments[3]):0,this.right=(this.x=this.left=e)+(this.width=i),this.bottom=(this.y=this.top=t)+(this.height=n),Object.freeze(this)}function d(){t=requestAnimationFrame(d);var s=new WeakMap,p=new Set;o.forEach((function(t){r.get(t).forEach((function(i){var r=t instanceof window.SVGElement,o=a.get(t),d=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingTop),f=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingRight),l=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingBottom),u=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingLeft),g=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderTopWidth),m=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderRightWidth),w=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderBottomWidth),b=u+f,F=d+l,v=(r?0:parseFloat(o.borderLeftWidth))+m,W=g+w,y=r?0:t.offsetHeight-W-t.clientHeight,E=r?0:t.offsetWidth-v-t.clientWidth,R=b+v,z=F+W,M=r?t.width:parseFloat(o.width)-R-E,O=r?t.height:parseFloat(o.height)-z-y;if(n.has(t)){var k=n.get(t);if(k[0]===M&&k[1]===O)return}n.set(t,[M,O]);var S=Object.create(h.prototype);S.target=t,S.contentRect=new c(u,d,M,O),s.has(i)||(s.set(i,[]),p.add(i)),s.get(i).push(S)}))})),p.forEach((function(e){i.get(e).call(e,s.get(e),e)}))}return s.prototype.observe=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element){r.has(i)||(r.set(i,new Set),o.add(i),a.set(i,window.getComputedStyle(i)));var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)||n.add(this),cancelAnimationFrame(t),t=requestAnimationFrame(d)}},s.prototype.unobserve=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element&&r.has(i)){var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)&&(n.delete(this),n.size||(r.delete(i),o.delete(i))),n.size||r.delete(i),o.size||cancelAnimationFrame(t)}},A.DOMRectReadOnly=c,A.ResizeObserver=s,A.ResizeObserverEntry=h,A}; // eslint-disable-line\nmpl.toolbar_items = [[\"Home\", \"Reset original view\", \"fa fa-home icon-home\", \"home\"], [\"Back\", \"Back to previous view\", \"fa fa-arrow-left icon-arrow-left\", \"back\"], [\"Forward\", \"Forward to next view\", \"fa fa-arrow-right icon-arrow-right\", \"forward\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Pan\", \"Left button pans, Right button zooms\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-arrows icon-move\", \"pan\"], [\"Zoom\", \"Zoom to rectangle\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-square-o icon-check-empty\", \"zoom\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Download\", \"Download plot\", \"fa fa-floppy-o icon-save\", \"download\"]];\n\nmpl.extensions = [\"eps\", \"jpeg\", \"pgf\", \"pdf\", \"png\", \"ps\", \"raw\", \"svg\", \"tif\"];\n\nmpl.default_extension = \"png\";/* global mpl */\n\nvar comm_websocket_adapter = function (comm) {\n // Create a \"websocket\"-like object which calls the given IPython comm\n // object with the appropriate methods. Currently this is a non binary\n // socket, so there is still some room for performance tuning.\n var ws = {};\n\n ws.binaryType = comm.kernel.ws.binaryType;\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n function updateReadyState(_event) {\n if (comm.kernel.ws) {\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n } else {\n ws.readyState = 3; // Closed state.\n }\n }\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('open', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('close', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('error', updateReadyState);\n\n ws.close = function () {\n comm.close();\n };\n ws.send = function (m) {\n //console.log('sending', m);\n comm.send(m);\n };\n // Register the callback with on_msg.\n comm.on_msg(function (msg) {\n //console.log('receiving', msg['content']['data'], msg);\n var data = msg['content']['data'];\n if (data['blob'] !== undefined) {\n data = {\n data: new Blob(msg['buffers'], { type: data['blob'] }),\n };\n }\n // Pass the mpl event to the overridden (by mpl) onmessage function.\n ws.onmessage(data);\n });\n return ws;\n};\n\nmpl.mpl_figure_comm = function (comm, msg) {\n // This is the function which gets called when the mpl process\n // starts-up an IPython Comm through the \"matplotlib\" channel.\n\n var id = msg.content.data.id;\n // Get hold of the div created by the display call when the Comm\n // socket was opened in Python.\n var element = document.getElementById(id);\n var ws_proxy = comm_websocket_adapter(comm);\n\n function ondownload(figure, _format) {\n window.open(figure.canvas.toDataURL());\n }\n\n var fig = new mpl.figure(id, ws_proxy, ondownload, element);\n\n // Call onopen now - mpl needs it, as it is assuming we've passed it a real\n // web socket which is closed, not our websocket->open comm proxy.\n ws_proxy.onopen();\n\n fig.parent_element = element;\n fig.cell_info = mpl.find_output_cell(\"
\");\n if (!fig.cell_info) {\n console.error('Failed to find cell for figure', id, fig);\n return;\n }\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.on(\n 'cleared',\n { fig: fig },\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_close = function (fig, msg) {\n var width = fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio;\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.off(\n 'cleared',\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n fig.resizeObserverInstance.unobserve(fig.canvas_div);\n\n // Update the output cell to use the data from the current canvas.\n fig.push_to_output();\n var dataURL = fig.canvas.toDataURL();\n // Re-enable the keyboard manager in IPython - without this line, in FF,\n // the notebook keyboard shortcuts fail.\n IPython.keyboard_manager.enable();\n fig.parent_element.innerHTML =\n '';\n fig.close_ws(fig, msg);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.close_ws = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.send_message('closing', msg);\n // fig.ws.close()\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.push_to_output = function (_remove_interactive) {\n // Turn the data on the canvas into data in the output cell.\n var width = this.canvas.width / this.ratio;\n var dataURL = this.canvas.toDataURL();\n this.cell_info[1]['text/html'] =\n '';\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Tell IPython that the notebook contents must change.\n IPython.notebook.set_dirty(true);\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n var fig = this;\n // Wait a second, then push the new image to the DOM so\n // that it is saved nicely (might be nice to debounce this).\n setTimeout(function () {\n fig.push_to_output();\n }, 1000);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'btn-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n var button;\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n button = fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-default';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = name;\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n // Add the status bar.\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message pull-right';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n\n // Add the close button to the window.\n var buttongrp = document.createElement('div');\n buttongrp.classList = 'btn-group inline pull-right';\n button = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-mini btn-primary';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = 'Stop Interaction';\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', function (_evt) {\n fig.handle_close(fig, {});\n });\n button.addEventListener(\n 'mouseover',\n on_mouseover_closure('Stop Interaction')\n );\n buttongrp.appendChild(button);\n var titlebar = this.root.querySelector('.ui-dialog-titlebar');\n titlebar.insertBefore(buttongrp, titlebar.firstChild);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._remove_fig_handler = function (event) {\n var fig = event.data.fig;\n if (event.target !== this) {\n // Ignore bubbled events from children.\n return;\n }\n fig.close_ws(fig, {});\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (el) {\n el.style.boxSizing = 'content-box'; // override notebook setting of border-box.\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (el) {\n // this is important to make the div 'focusable\n el.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);\n // reach out to IPython and tell the keyboard manager to turn it's self\n // off when our div gets focus\n\n // location in version 3\n if (IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager) {\n IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n } else {\n // location in version 2\n IPython.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (event, _name) {\n var manager = IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager;\n if (!manager) {\n manager = IPython.keyboard_manager;\n }\n\n // Check for shift+enter\n if (event.shiftKey && event.which === 13) {\n this.canvas_div.blur();\n // select the cell after this one\n var index = IPython.notebook.find_cell_index(this.cell_info[0]);\n IPython.notebook.select(index + 1);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n fig.ondownload(fig, null);\n};\n\nmpl.find_output_cell = function (html_output) {\n // Return the cell and output element which can be found *uniquely* in the notebook.\n // Note - this is a bit hacky, but it is done because the \"notebook_saving.Notebook\"\n // IPython event is triggered only after the cells have been serialised, which for\n // our purposes (turning an active figure into a static one), is too late.\n var cells = IPython.notebook.get_cells();\n var ncells = cells.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < ncells; i++) {\n var cell = cells[i];\n if (cell.cell_type === 'code') {\n for (var j = 0; j < cell.output_area.outputs.length; j++) {\n var data = cell.output_area.outputs[j];\n if (data.data) {\n // IPython >= 3 moved mimebundle to data attribute of output\n data = data.data;\n }\n if (data['text/html'] === html_output) {\n return [cell, data, j];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Register the function which deals with the matplotlib target/channel.\n// The kernel may be null if the page has been refreshed.\nif (IPython.notebook.kernel !== null) {\n IPython.notebook.kernel.comm_manager.register_target(\n 'matplotlib',\n mpl.mpl_figure_comm\n );\n}\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "079640eb970a4699b1a7335db5a6ba15", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "interactive(children=(IntSlider(value=0, description='Training Iteration', layout=Layout(width='100%'), max=37…" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Plot transfer function over training\n", "fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4)) = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(9, 6))\n", "ws = 2 * math.pi * 10 ** torch.linspace(0, 6, 1000)\n", "subsample = int(dataset_size / 100)\n", "train_data_mask = train_data_low_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample][train_data_mask] / (2 * math.pi), np.ones(train_data_mask.sum()), c=\"r\", marker=\"x\")\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample][~train_data_mask] / (2 * math.pi), np.zeros((~train_data_mask).sum()), c=\"k\", marker=\"x\")\n", "mags = evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_values_low_bin[0])\n", "learned_tf, = ax1.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags, linewidth=3)\n", "cutoff = ws[np.argmax(mags < cutoff_mag)]\n", "cut = ax1.axvline(cutoff / (2 * math.pi), c=\"red\", linestyle=\"--\", linewidth=3)\n", "ax1.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax1.set_title(\"Transfer Function\")\n", "ax1.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax1.set_ylabel(\"Magnitude\")\n", "ax1.legend([\"Learned TF\", \"Learned $f_c$\", \"TF + Samples\", \"TF - Samples\"])\n", "\n", "# Show loss surface over training\n", "eval_pts = torch.arange(10, 1001, 1)\n", "eval_vals = evaluate_lp_circuit(train_data_low_bin[0][:, None], eval_pts[None, :])\n", "loss_surface_mse = loss_fn(eval_vals, (train_data_low_bin[1][:, None].expand(eval_vals.shape) > cutoff_mag).float())\n", "ax2.plot(eval_pts, loss_surface_mse.sum(0), linewidth=3)\n", "cur_loss, = ax2.plot(R_values_low_bin[0], loss_surface_mse[:, int(R_values_low_bin[0] - 10)].sum(0), marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_loss_label = ax2.annotate(f\"R = {R_values_low_bin[0]:.0f}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.82, 0.9), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax2.set_title(\"Loss Surface\")\n", "ax2.set_xlim([0, 1000])\n", "ax2.set_xlabel(\"$R \\; (\\Omega)$\")\n", "ax2.set_ylabel(\"Loss\")\n", "\n", "# Show loss contributions of each data point\n", "cur_circuit = LowPassCircuit(R_values_low_bin[0])\n", "data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample]), (train_data_low_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag).float())\n", "data_grads = torch.zeros(len(data_losses))\n", "for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.autograd.grad(dl, cur_circuit.R, retain_graph=True)[0]\n", "data_grads_scat = ax3.scatter(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads, marker=\"x\", c=\"k\")\n", "ax3.set_xscale(\"log\")\n", "ax3.set_ylabel(\"Derivative\")\n", "ax3.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax3.set_ylim([-1.5e-3, 1.5e-3])\n", "ax3.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax3.set_title(\"Derivative by Training Datapoint\")\n", "\n", "# Show gradient at each training iteration\n", "ax4.plot(np.arange(len(grad_values_low_bin)), grad_values_low_bin, linewidth=3)\n", "cur_iter, = ax4.plot(0, grad_values_low_bin[0], marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_grad_label = ax4.annotate(f\"Grad = {grad_values_low_bin[0]:.2e}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.65, 0.9), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax4.set_xlabel(\"Training Iteration\")\n", "ax4.set_ylabel(\"Gradient\")\n", "ax4.set_title(\"Gradients\")\n", "ax4.set_xlim([-1, len(grad_values_low_bin)])\n", "\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "\n", "# Main update function for interactive plots\n", "def update_iter_low_bin(t=0):\n", " mags = evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_values_low_bin[t])\n", " learned_tf.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags)\n", " cutoff = ws[np.argmax(mags < cutoff_mag)]\n", " cut.set_xdata(cutoff / (2 * math.pi))\n", " cur_loss.set_data(R_values_low_bin[t], loss_surface_mse[:, int(R_values_low_bin[t] - 10)].sum(0))\n", " cur_loss_label.set_text(f\"R = {R_values_low_bin[t]:.0f}\")\n", " cur_iter.set_data(t, grad_values_low_bin[t])\n", " cur_grad_label.set_text(f\"Grad = {grad_values_low_bin[t]:.2e}\")\n", " cur_circuit = LowPassCircuit(R_values_low_bin[t])\n", " data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample]), (train_data_low_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag).float())\n", " data_grads = torch.zeros(len(data_losses))\n", " for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.autograd.grad(dl, cur_circuit.R, retain_graph=True)[0]\n", " data_grads_scat.set_offsets(torch.stack((train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads)).T)\n", " fig.canvas.draw_idle()\n", " \n", "# Include sliders for relevant quantities\n", "ip = interactive(update_iter_low_bin, \n", " t=widgets.IntSlider(value=0, min=0, max=len(R_values_low_bin) - 1, step=1, description=\"Training Iteration\", style={'description_width': 'initial'}, layout=Layout(width='100%')))\n", "ip" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "5d1901ea", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## (e) Learning a Low Pass Filter from Binary Data with a Different Loss" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 12, "id": "c6b1d442", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Initial Resistor Value: R = 500\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Training Iter: 47%|████████████████▍ | 46987/100000 [00:58<01:05, 804.73it/s, Loss: 0.039, R=202]\n" ] }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Final Resistor Value: R = 202\n" ] } ], "source": [ "circuit = LowPassCircuit(500)\n", "### SOLUTION START\n", "loss_fn = lambda x, y: (x - (0.3 + 0.7 * y)) ** 2\n", "### SOLUTION END\n", "train_data_low_bin, R_values_low_bin, grad_values_low_bin = train_lp_circuit_binary(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 13, "id": "a43257ab", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n/* global mpl */\nwindow.mpl = {};\n\nmpl.get_websocket_type = function () {\n if (typeof WebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return WebSocket;\n } else if (typeof MozWebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return MozWebSocket;\n } else {\n alert(\n 'Your browser does not have WebSocket support. ' +\n 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.'\n );\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure = function (figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n this.id = figure_id;\n\n this.ws = websocket;\n\n this.supports_binary = this.ws.binaryType !== undefined;\n\n if (!this.supports_binary) {\n var warnings = document.getElementById('mpl-warnings');\n if (warnings) {\n warnings.style.display = 'block';\n warnings.textContent =\n 'This browser does not support binary websocket messages. ' +\n 'Performance may be slow.';\n }\n }\n\n this.imageObj = new Image();\n\n this.context = undefined;\n this.message = undefined;\n this.canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n\n this.image_mode = 'full';\n\n this.root = document.createElement('div');\n this.root.setAttribute('style', 'display: inline-block');\n this._root_extra_style(this.root);\n\n parent_element.appendChild(this.root);\n\n this._init_header(this);\n this._init_canvas(this);\n this._init_toolbar(this);\n\n var fig = this;\n\n this.waiting = false;\n\n this.ws.onopen = function () {\n fig.send_message('supports_binary', { value: fig.supports_binary });\n fig.send_message('send_image_mode', {});\n if (fig.ratio !== 1) {\n fig.send_message('set_dpi_ratio', { dpi_ratio: fig.ratio });\n }\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onload = function () {\n if (fig.image_mode === 'full') {\n // Full images could contain transparency (where diff images\n // almost always do), so we need to clear the canvas so that\n // there is no ghosting.\n fig.context.clearRect(0, 0, fig.canvas.width, fig.canvas.height);\n }\n fig.context.drawImage(fig.imageObj, 0, 0);\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onunload = function () {\n fig.ws.close();\n };\n\n this.ws.onmessage = this._make_on_message_function(this);\n\n this.ondownload = ondownload;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_header = function () {\n var titlebar = document.createElement('div');\n titlebar.classList =\n 'ui-dialog-titlebar ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix';\n var titletext = document.createElement('div');\n titletext.classList = 'ui-dialog-title';\n titletext.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 3px;'\n );\n titlebar.appendChild(titletext);\n this.root.appendChild(titlebar);\n this.header = titletext;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_canvas = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var canvas_div = (this.canvas_div = document.createElement('div'));\n canvas_div.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'border: 1px solid #ddd;' +\n 'box-sizing: content-box;' +\n 'clear: both;' +\n 'min-height: 1px;' +\n 'min-width: 1px;' +\n 'outline: 0;' +\n 'overflow: hidden;' +\n 'position: relative;' +\n 'resize: both;'\n );\n\n function on_keyboard_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.key_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keydown',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_press')\n );\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keyup',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_release')\n );\n\n this._canvas_extra_style(canvas_div);\n this.root.appendChild(canvas_div);\n\n var canvas = (this.canvas = document.createElement('canvas'));\n canvas.classList.add('mpl-canvas');\n canvas.setAttribute('style', 'box-sizing: content-box;');\n\n this.context = canvas.getContext('2d');\n\n var backingStore =\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.webkitBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.mozBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.msBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.oBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n 1;\n\n this.ratio = (window.devicePixelRatio || 1) / backingStore;\n\n var rubberband_canvas = (this.rubberband_canvas = document.createElement(\n 'canvas'\n ));\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'box-sizing: content-box; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1;'\n );\n\n // Apply a ponyfill if ResizeObserver is not implemented by browser.\n if (this.ResizeObserver === undefined) {\n if (window.ResizeObserver !== undefined) {\n this.ResizeObserver = window.ResizeObserver;\n } else {\n var obs = _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER({});\n this.ResizeObserver = obs.ResizeObserver;\n }\n }\n\n this.resizeObserverInstance = new this.ResizeObserver(function (entries) {\n var nentries = entries.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < nentries; i++) {\n var entry = entries[i];\n var width, height;\n if (entry.contentBoxSize) {\n if (entry.contentBoxSize instanceof Array) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;\n } else {\n // Firefox implements old version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize.inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize.blockSize;\n }\n } else {\n // Chrome <84 implements even older version of spec.\n width = entry.contentRect.width;\n height = entry.contentRect.height;\n }\n\n // Keep the size of the canvas and rubber band canvas in sync with\n // the canvas container.\n if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'width',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize\n );\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'height',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize\n );\n } else {\n canvas.setAttribute('width', width * fig.ratio);\n canvas.setAttribute('height', height * fig.ratio);\n }\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: ' + width + 'px; height: ' + height + 'px;'\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('width', width);\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('height', height);\n\n // And update the size in Python. We ignore the initial 0/0 size\n // that occurs as the element is placed into the DOM, which should\n // otherwise not happen due to the minimum size styling.\n if (fig.ws.readyState == 1 && width != 0 && height != 0) {\n fig.request_resize(width, height);\n }\n }\n });\n this.resizeObserverInstance.observe(canvas_div);\n\n function on_mouse_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.mouse_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousedown',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_press')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseup',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_release')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'dblclick',\n on_mouse_event_closure('dblclick')\n );\n // Throttle sequential mouse events to 1 every 20ms.\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousemove',\n on_mouse_event_closure('motion_notify')\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseenter',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_enter')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseleave',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_leave')\n );\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener('wheel', function (event) {\n if (event.deltaY < 0) {\n event.step = 1;\n } else {\n event.step = -1;\n }\n on_mouse_event_closure('scroll')(event);\n });\n\n canvas_div.appendChild(canvas);\n canvas_div.appendChild(rubberband_canvas);\n\n this.rubberband_context = rubberband_canvas.getContext('2d');\n this.rubberband_context.strokeStyle = '#000000';\n\n this._resize_canvas = function (width, height, forward) {\n if (forward) {\n canvas_div.style.width = width + 'px';\n canvas_div.style.height = height + 'px';\n }\n };\n\n // Disable right mouse context menu.\n this.rubberband_canvas.addEventListener('contextmenu', function (_e) {\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n });\n\n function set_focus() {\n canvas.focus();\n canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n window.setTimeout(set_focus, 100);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'mpl-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n var button = (fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button'));\n button.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n button.setAttribute('role', 'button');\n button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n\n var icon_img = document.createElement('img');\n icon_img.src = '_images/' + image + '.png';\n icon_img.srcset = '_images/' + image + '_large.png 2x';\n icon_img.alt = tooltip;\n button.appendChild(icon_img);\n\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n var fmt_picker = document.createElement('select');\n fmt_picker.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n toolbar.appendChild(fmt_picker);\n this.format_dropdown = fmt_picker;\n\n for (var ind in mpl.extensions) {\n var fmt = mpl.extensions[ind];\n var option = document.createElement('option');\n option.selected = fmt === mpl.default_extension;\n option.innerHTML = fmt;\n fmt_picker.appendChild(option);\n }\n\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.request_resize = function (x_pixels, y_pixels) {\n // Request matplotlib to resize the figure. Matplotlib will then trigger a resize in the client,\n // which will in turn request a refresh of the image.\n this.send_message('resize', { width: x_pixels, height: y_pixels });\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_message = function (type, properties) {\n properties['type'] = type;\n properties['figure_id'] = this.id;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(properties));\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_draw_message = function () {\n if (!this.waiting) {\n this.waiting = true;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'draw', figure_id: this.id }));\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n var format_dropdown = fig.format_dropdown;\n var format = format_dropdown.options[format_dropdown.selectedIndex].value;\n fig.ondownload(fig, format);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_resize = function (fig, msg) {\n var size = msg['size'];\n if (size[0] !== fig.canvas.width || size[1] !== fig.canvas.height) {\n fig._resize_canvas(size[0], size[1], msg['forward']);\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_rubberband = function (fig, msg) {\n var x0 = msg['x0'] / fig.ratio;\n var y0 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y0']) / fig.ratio;\n var x1 = msg['x1'] / fig.ratio;\n var y1 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y1']) / fig.ratio;\n x0 = Math.floor(x0) + 0.5;\n y0 = Math.floor(y0) + 0.5;\n x1 = Math.floor(x1) + 0.5;\n y1 = Math.floor(y1) + 0.5;\n var min_x = Math.min(x0, x1);\n var min_y = Math.min(y0, y1);\n var width = Math.abs(x1 - x0);\n var height = Math.abs(y1 - y0);\n\n fig.rubberband_context.clearRect(\n 0,\n 0,\n fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio,\n fig.canvas.height / fig.ratio\n );\n\n fig.rubberband_context.strokeRect(min_x, min_y, width, height);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_figure_label = function (fig, msg) {\n // Updates the figure title.\n fig.header.textContent = msg['label'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_cursor = function (fig, msg) {\n var cursor = msg['cursor'];\n switch (cursor) {\n case 0:\n cursor = 'pointer';\n break;\n case 1:\n cursor = 'default';\n break;\n case 2:\n cursor = 'crosshair';\n break;\n case 3:\n cursor = 'move';\n break;\n }\n fig.rubberband_canvas.style.cursor = cursor;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_message = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.message.textContent = msg['message'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_draw = function (fig, _msg) {\n // Request the server to send over a new figure.\n fig.send_draw_message();\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_image_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.image_mode = msg['mode'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_history_buttons = function (fig, msg) {\n for (var key in msg) {\n if (!(key in fig.buttons)) {\n continue;\n }\n fig.buttons[key].disabled = !msg[key];\n fig.buttons[key].setAttribute('aria-disabled', !msg[key]);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_navigate_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n if (msg['mode'] === 'PAN') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.add('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n } else if (msg['mode'] === 'ZOOM') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.add('active');\n } else {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Called whenever the canvas gets updated.\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n};\n\n// A function to construct a web socket function for onmessage handling.\n// Called in the figure constructor.\nmpl.figure.prototype._make_on_message_function = function (fig) {\n return function socket_on_message(evt) {\n if (evt.data instanceof Blob) {\n var img = evt.data;\n if (img.type !== 'image/png') {\n /* FIXME: We get \"Resource interpreted as Image but\n * transferred with MIME type text/plain:\" errors on\n * Chrome. But how to set the MIME type? It doesn't seem\n * to be part of the websocket stream */\n img.type = 'image/png';\n }\n\n /* Free the memory for the previous frames */\n if (fig.imageObj.src) {\n (window.URL || window.webkitURL).revokeObjectURL(\n fig.imageObj.src\n );\n }\n\n fig.imageObj.src = (window.URL || window.webkitURL).createObjectURL(\n img\n );\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n } else if (\n typeof evt.data === 'string' &&\n evt.data.slice(0, 21) === 'data:image/png;base64'\n ) {\n fig.imageObj.src = evt.data;\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n }\n\n var msg = JSON.parse(evt.data);\n var msg_type = msg['type'];\n\n // Call the \"handle_{type}\" callback, which takes\n // the figure and JSON message as its only arguments.\n try {\n var callback = fig['handle_' + msg_type];\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"No handler for the '\" + msg_type + \"' message type: \",\n msg\n );\n return;\n }\n\n if (callback) {\n try {\n // console.log(\"Handling '\" + msg_type + \"' message: \", msg);\n callback(fig, msg);\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"Exception inside the 'handler_\" + msg_type + \"' callback:\",\n e,\n e.stack,\n msg\n );\n }\n }\n };\n};\n\n// from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1114465/getting-mouse-location-in-canvas\nmpl.findpos = function (e) {\n //this section is from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html\n var targ;\n if (!e) {\n e = window.event;\n }\n if (e.target) {\n targ = e.target;\n } else if (e.srcElement) {\n targ = e.srcElement;\n }\n if (targ.nodeType === 3) {\n // defeat Safari bug\n targ = targ.parentNode;\n }\n\n // pageX,Y are the mouse positions relative to the document\n var boundingRect = targ.getBoundingClientRect();\n var x = e.pageX - (boundingRect.left + document.body.scrollLeft);\n var y = e.pageY - (boundingRect.top + document.body.scrollTop);\n\n return { x: x, y: y };\n};\n\n/*\n * return a copy of an object with only non-object keys\n * we need this to avoid circular references\n * http://stackoverflow.com/a/24161582/3208463\n */\nfunction simpleKeys(original) {\n return Object.keys(original).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n if (typeof original[key] !== 'object') {\n obj[key] = original[key];\n }\n return obj;\n }, {});\n}\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.mouse_event = function (event, name) {\n var canvas_pos = mpl.findpos(event);\n\n if (name === 'button_press') {\n this.canvas.focus();\n this.canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n var x = canvas_pos.x * this.ratio;\n var y = canvas_pos.y * this.ratio;\n\n this.send_message(name, {\n x: x,\n y: y,\n button: event.button,\n step: event.step,\n guiEvent: simpleKeys(event),\n });\n\n /* This prevents the web browser from automatically changing to\n * the text insertion cursor when the button is pressed. We want\n * to control all of the cursor setting manually through the\n * 'cursor' event from matplotlib */\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (_event, _name) {\n // Handle any extra behaviour associated with a key event\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.key_event = function (event, name) {\n // Prevent repeat events\n if (name === 'key_press') {\n if (event.key === this._key) {\n return;\n } else {\n this._key = event.key;\n }\n }\n if (name === 'key_release') {\n this._key = null;\n }\n\n var value = '';\n if (event.ctrlKey && event.key !== 'Control') {\n value += 'ctrl+';\n }\n else if (event.altKey && event.key !== 'Alt') {\n value += 'alt+';\n }\n else if (event.shiftKey && event.key !== 'Shift') {\n value += 'shift+';\n }\n\n value += 'k' + event.key;\n\n this._key_event_extra(event, name);\n\n this.send_message(name, { key: value, guiEvent: simpleKeys(event) });\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onclick = function (name) {\n if (name === 'download') {\n this.handle_save(this, null);\n } else {\n this.send_message('toolbar_button', { name: name });\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onmouseover = function (tooltip) {\n this.message.textContent = tooltip;\n};\n\n///////////////// REMAINING CONTENT GENERATED BY embed_js.py /////////////////\n// prettier-ignore\nvar _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER=function(A){var t,i=new WeakMap,n=new WeakMap,a=new WeakMap,r=new WeakMap,o=new Set;function s(e){if(!(this instanceof s))throw new TypeError(\"Constructor requires 'new' operator\");i.set(this,e)}function h(){throw new TypeError(\"Function is not a constructor\")}function c(e,t,i,n){e=0 in arguments?Number(arguments[0]):0,t=1 in arguments?Number(arguments[1]):0,i=2 in arguments?Number(arguments[2]):0,n=3 in arguments?Number(arguments[3]):0,this.right=(this.x=this.left=e)+(this.width=i),this.bottom=(this.y=this.top=t)+(this.height=n),Object.freeze(this)}function d(){t=requestAnimationFrame(d);var s=new WeakMap,p=new Set;o.forEach((function(t){r.get(t).forEach((function(i){var r=t instanceof window.SVGElement,o=a.get(t),d=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingTop),f=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingRight),l=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingBottom),u=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingLeft),g=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderTopWidth),m=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderRightWidth),w=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderBottomWidth),b=u+f,F=d+l,v=(r?0:parseFloat(o.borderLeftWidth))+m,W=g+w,y=r?0:t.offsetHeight-W-t.clientHeight,E=r?0:t.offsetWidth-v-t.clientWidth,R=b+v,z=F+W,M=r?t.width:parseFloat(o.width)-R-E,O=r?t.height:parseFloat(o.height)-z-y;if(n.has(t)){var k=n.get(t);if(k[0]===M&&k[1]===O)return}n.set(t,[M,O]);var S=Object.create(h.prototype);S.target=t,S.contentRect=new c(u,d,M,O),s.has(i)||(s.set(i,[]),p.add(i)),s.get(i).push(S)}))})),p.forEach((function(e){i.get(e).call(e,s.get(e),e)}))}return s.prototype.observe=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element){r.has(i)||(r.set(i,new Set),o.add(i),a.set(i,window.getComputedStyle(i)));var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)||n.add(this),cancelAnimationFrame(t),t=requestAnimationFrame(d)}},s.prototype.unobserve=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element&&r.has(i)){var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)&&(n.delete(this),n.size||(r.delete(i),o.delete(i))),n.size||r.delete(i),o.size||cancelAnimationFrame(t)}},A.DOMRectReadOnly=c,A.ResizeObserver=s,A.ResizeObserverEntry=h,A}; // eslint-disable-line\nmpl.toolbar_items = [[\"Home\", \"Reset original view\", \"fa fa-home icon-home\", \"home\"], [\"Back\", \"Back to previous view\", \"fa fa-arrow-left icon-arrow-left\", \"back\"], [\"Forward\", \"Forward to next view\", \"fa fa-arrow-right icon-arrow-right\", \"forward\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Pan\", \"Left button pans, Right button zooms\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-arrows icon-move\", \"pan\"], [\"Zoom\", \"Zoom to rectangle\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-square-o icon-check-empty\", \"zoom\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Download\", \"Download plot\", \"fa fa-floppy-o icon-save\", \"download\"]];\n\nmpl.extensions = [\"eps\", \"jpeg\", \"pgf\", \"pdf\", \"png\", \"ps\", \"raw\", \"svg\", \"tif\"];\n\nmpl.default_extension = \"png\";/* global mpl */\n\nvar comm_websocket_adapter = function (comm) {\n // Create a \"websocket\"-like object which calls the given IPython comm\n // object with the appropriate methods. Currently this is a non binary\n // socket, so there is still some room for performance tuning.\n var ws = {};\n\n ws.binaryType = comm.kernel.ws.binaryType;\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n function updateReadyState(_event) {\n if (comm.kernel.ws) {\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n } else {\n ws.readyState = 3; // Closed state.\n }\n }\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('open', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('close', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('error', updateReadyState);\n\n ws.close = function () {\n comm.close();\n };\n ws.send = function (m) {\n //console.log('sending', m);\n comm.send(m);\n };\n // Register the callback with on_msg.\n comm.on_msg(function (msg) {\n //console.log('receiving', msg['content']['data'], msg);\n var data = msg['content']['data'];\n if (data['blob'] !== undefined) {\n data = {\n data: new Blob(msg['buffers'], { type: data['blob'] }),\n };\n }\n // Pass the mpl event to the overridden (by mpl) onmessage function.\n ws.onmessage(data);\n });\n return ws;\n};\n\nmpl.mpl_figure_comm = function (comm, msg) {\n // This is the function which gets called when the mpl process\n // starts-up an IPython Comm through the \"matplotlib\" channel.\n\n var id = msg.content.data.id;\n // Get hold of the div created by the display call when the Comm\n // socket was opened in Python.\n var element = document.getElementById(id);\n var ws_proxy = comm_websocket_adapter(comm);\n\n function ondownload(figure, _format) {\n window.open(figure.canvas.toDataURL());\n }\n\n var fig = new mpl.figure(id, ws_proxy, ondownload, element);\n\n // Call onopen now - mpl needs it, as it is assuming we've passed it a real\n // web socket which is closed, not our websocket->open comm proxy.\n ws_proxy.onopen();\n\n fig.parent_element = element;\n fig.cell_info = mpl.find_output_cell(\"
\");\n if (!fig.cell_info) {\n console.error('Failed to find cell for figure', id, fig);\n return;\n }\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.on(\n 'cleared',\n { fig: fig },\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_close = function (fig, msg) {\n var width = fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio;\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.off(\n 'cleared',\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n fig.resizeObserverInstance.unobserve(fig.canvas_div);\n\n // Update the output cell to use the data from the current canvas.\n fig.push_to_output();\n var dataURL = fig.canvas.toDataURL();\n // Re-enable the keyboard manager in IPython - without this line, in FF,\n // the notebook keyboard shortcuts fail.\n IPython.keyboard_manager.enable();\n fig.parent_element.innerHTML =\n '';\n fig.close_ws(fig, msg);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.close_ws = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.send_message('closing', msg);\n // fig.ws.close()\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.push_to_output = function (_remove_interactive) {\n // Turn the data on the canvas into data in the output cell.\n var width = this.canvas.width / this.ratio;\n var dataURL = this.canvas.toDataURL();\n this.cell_info[1]['text/html'] =\n '';\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Tell IPython that the notebook contents must change.\n IPython.notebook.set_dirty(true);\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n var fig = this;\n // Wait a second, then push the new image to the DOM so\n // that it is saved nicely (might be nice to debounce this).\n setTimeout(function () {\n fig.push_to_output();\n }, 1000);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'btn-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n var button;\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n button = fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-default';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = name;\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n // Add the status bar.\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message pull-right';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n\n // Add the close button to the window.\n var buttongrp = document.createElement('div');\n buttongrp.classList = 'btn-group inline pull-right';\n button = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-mini btn-primary';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = 'Stop Interaction';\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', function (_evt) {\n fig.handle_close(fig, {});\n });\n button.addEventListener(\n 'mouseover',\n on_mouseover_closure('Stop Interaction')\n );\n buttongrp.appendChild(button);\n var titlebar = this.root.querySelector('.ui-dialog-titlebar');\n titlebar.insertBefore(buttongrp, titlebar.firstChild);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._remove_fig_handler = function (event) {\n var fig = event.data.fig;\n if (event.target !== this) {\n // Ignore bubbled events from children.\n return;\n }\n fig.close_ws(fig, {});\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (el) {\n el.style.boxSizing = 'content-box'; // override notebook setting of border-box.\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (el) {\n // this is important to make the div 'focusable\n el.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);\n // reach out to IPython and tell the keyboard manager to turn it's self\n // off when our div gets focus\n\n // location in version 3\n if (IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager) {\n IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n } else {\n // location in version 2\n IPython.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (event, _name) {\n var manager = IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager;\n if (!manager) {\n manager = IPython.keyboard_manager;\n }\n\n // Check for shift+enter\n if (event.shiftKey && event.which === 13) {\n this.canvas_div.blur();\n // select the cell after this one\n var index = IPython.notebook.find_cell_index(this.cell_info[0]);\n IPython.notebook.select(index + 1);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n fig.ondownload(fig, null);\n};\n\nmpl.find_output_cell = function (html_output) {\n // Return the cell and output element which can be found *uniquely* in the notebook.\n // Note - this is a bit hacky, but it is done because the \"notebook_saving.Notebook\"\n // IPython event is triggered only after the cells have been serialised, which for\n // our purposes (turning an active figure into a static one), is too late.\n var cells = IPython.notebook.get_cells();\n var ncells = cells.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < ncells; i++) {\n var cell = cells[i];\n if (cell.cell_type === 'code') {\n for (var j = 0; j < cell.output_area.outputs.length; j++) {\n var data = cell.output_area.outputs[j];\n if (data.data) {\n // IPython >= 3 moved mimebundle to data attribute of output\n data = data.data;\n }\n if (data['text/html'] === html_output) {\n return [cell, data, j];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Register the function which deals with the matplotlib target/channel.\n// The kernel may be null if the page has been refreshed.\nif (IPython.notebook.kernel !== null) {\n IPython.notebook.kernel.comm_manager.register_target(\n 'matplotlib',\n mpl.mpl_figure_comm\n );\n}\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "72b1fca662f9494089a3f2066ed32f4c", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "interactive(children=(IntSlider(value=0, description='Training Iteration', layout=Layout(width='100%'), max=46…" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Plot transfer function over training\n", "fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4)) = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(9, 6))\n", "ws = 2 * math.pi * 10 ** torch.linspace(0, 6, 1000)\n", "subsample = int(dataset_size / 100)\n", "train_data_mask = train_data_low_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample][train_data_mask] / (2 * math.pi), np.ones(train_data_mask.sum()), c=\"r\", marker=\"x\")\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample][~train_data_mask] / (2 * math.pi), np.zeros((~train_data_mask).sum()), c=\"k\", marker=\"x\")\n", "mags = evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_values_low_bin[0])\n", "learned_tf, = ax1.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags, linewidth=3)\n", "cutoff = ws[np.argmax(mags < cutoff_mag)]\n", "cut = ax1.axvline(cutoff / (2 * math.pi), c=\"red\", linestyle=\"--\", linewidth=3)\n", "ax1.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax1.set_title(\"Transfer Function\")\n", "ax1.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax1.set_ylabel(\"Magnitude\")\n", "ax1.legend([\"Learned TF\", \"Learned $f_c$\", \"TF + Samples\", \"TF - Samples\"])\n", "\n", "# Show loss surface over training\n", "eval_pts = torch.arange(10, 1001, 1)\n", "eval_vals = evaluate_lp_circuit(train_data_low_bin[0][:, None], eval_pts[None, :])\n", "loss_surface_mse = loss_fn(eval_vals, (train_data_low_bin[1][:, None].expand(eval_vals.shape) > cutoff_mag).float())\n", "ax2.plot(eval_pts, loss_surface_mse.sum(0), linewidth=3)\n", "cur_loss, = ax2.plot(R_values_low_bin[0], loss_surface_mse[:, int(R_values_low_bin[0] - 10)].sum(0), marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_loss_label = ax2.annotate(f\"R = {R_values_low_bin[0]:.0f}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.82, 0.9), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax2.set_title(\"Loss Surface\")\n", "ax2.set_xlim([0, 1000])\n", "ax2.set_xlabel(\"$R \\; (\\Omega)$\")\n", "ax2.set_ylabel(\"Loss\")\n", "\n", "# Show loss contributions of each data point\n", "cur_circuit = LowPassCircuit(R_values_low_bin[0])\n", "data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample]), (train_data_low_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag).float())\n", "data_grads = torch.zeros(len(data_losses))\n", "for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.autograd.grad(dl, cur_circuit.R, retain_graph=True)[0]\n", "data_grads_scat = ax3.scatter(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads, marker=\"x\", c=\"k\")\n", "ax3.set_xscale(\"log\")\n", "ax3.set_ylabel(\"Derivative\")\n", "ax3.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax3.set_ylim([-1.5e-3, 1.5e-3])\n", "ax3.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax3.set_title(\"Derivative by Training Datapoint\")\n", "\n", "# Show gradient at each training iteration\n", "ax4.plot(np.arange(len(grad_values_low_bin)), grad_values_low_bin, linewidth=3)\n", "cur_iter, = ax4.plot(0, grad_values_low_bin[0], marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_grad_label = ax4.annotate(f\"Grad = {grad_values_low_bin[0]:.2e}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.65, 0.9), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax4.set_xlabel(\"Training Iteration\")\n", "ax4.set_ylabel(\"Gradient\")\n", "ax4.set_title(\"Gradients\")\n", "ax4.set_xlim([-1, len(grad_values_low_bin)])\n", "\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "\n", "# Main update function for interactive plots\n", "def update_iter_low_bin(t=0):\n", " mags = evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_values_low_bin[t])\n", " learned_tf.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags)\n", " cutoff = ws[np.argmax(mags < cutoff_mag)]\n", " cut.set_xdata(cutoff / (2 * math.pi))\n", " cur_loss.set_data(R_values_low_bin[t], loss_surface_mse[:, int(R_values_low_bin[t] - 10)].sum(0))\n", " cur_loss_label.set_text(f\"R = {R_values_low_bin[t]:.0f}\")\n", " cur_iter.set_data(t, grad_values_low_bin[t])\n", " cur_grad_label.set_text(f\"Grad = {grad_values_low_bin[t]:.2e}\")\n", " cur_circuit = LowPassCircuit(R_values_low_bin[t])\n", " data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample]), (train_data_low_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag).float())\n", " data_grads = torch.zeros(len(data_losses))\n", " for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.autograd.grad(dl, cur_circuit.R, retain_graph=True)[0]\n", " data_grads_scat.set_offsets(torch.stack((train_data_low_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads)).T)\n", " fig.canvas.draw_idle()\n", " \n", "# Include sliders for relevant quantities\n", "ip = interactive(update_iter_low_bin, \n", " t=widgets.IntSlider(value=0, min=0, max=len(R_values_low_bin) - 1, step=1, description=\"Training Iteration\", style={'description_width': 'initial'}, layout=Layout(width='100%')))\n", "ip" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "6284868f", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## (f) Learning a High Pass Filter from Binary Data" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 14, "id": "f66e7a16", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# Transfer function: evaluates magnitude of given frequencies for a resistor value in the high pass circuit\n", "def evaluate_hp_circuit(freqs, R_high):\n", " ### SOLUTION START\n", " return (R_high * cap_value * freqs) / torch.sqrt(1 + (R_high * cap_value * freqs) ** 2)\n", " ### SOLUTION END\n", "\n", "# PyTorch model of the high pass circuit (for training)\n", "class HighPassCircuit(nn.Module):\n", " def __init__(self, R=None):\n", " super().__init__()\n", " self.R = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(R, dtype=float) if R is not None else torch.rand(1) * 1000)\n", " \n", " def forward(self, freqs):\n", " return evaluate_hp_circuit(freqs, self.R)\n", " \n", "# Generate training data in a uniform log scale of frequences, then evaluate using the true transfer function\n", "R_high_des = 1 / (2 * math.pi * 5000 * cap_value)\n", "def generate_hp_training_data(n):\n", " rand_ws = 2 * math.pi * torch.pow(10, torch.rand(n) * 6)\n", " labels = evaluate_hp_circuit(rand_ws, R_high_des)\n", " return rand_ws, labels\n", "\n", "# Train a given low pass filter from binary data\n", "def train_hp_circuit_binary(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr):\n", " \n", " R_values = [float(circuit.R.data)]\n", " grad_values = [np.nan]\n", " train_data = generate_hp_training_data(dataset_size)\n", " print(f\"Initial Resistor Value: R = {float(circuit.R.data):.0f}\")\n", " iter_bar = tqdm.trange(max_training_steps, desc=\"Training Iter\")\n", " for i in iter_bar:\n", " pred = circuit(train_data[0])\n", " loss = loss_fn(pred, (train_data[1] > cutoff_mag).float()).mean()\n", " ### SOLUTION START\n", " grad = torch.autograd.grad(loss, circuit.R)\n", " ### SOLUTION END\n", " with torch.no_grad():\n", " ### SOLUTION START\n", " circuit.R -= lr * grad[0]\n", " ### SOLUTION END\n", " \n", " R_values.append(float(circuit.R.data))\n", " grad_values.append(float(grad[0].data))\n", " iter_bar.set_postfix_str(f\"Loss: {float(loss.data):.3f}, R={float(circuit.R.data):.0f}\")\n", " if loss.data < 1e-6 or abs(grad[0].data) < 1e-6:\n", " break\n", "\n", " print(f\"Final Resistor Value: R = {float(circuit.R.data):.0f}\") \n", " return train_data, R_values, grad_values" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, "id": "83d01c6a", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Initial Resistor Value: R = 500\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Training Iter: 5%|█▊ | 4896/100000 [00:06<01:59, 792.63it/s, Loss: 0.046, R=33]" ] }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Final Resistor Value: R = 33\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Create a circuit, use MSE loss with learning rate of 100, dataset size 1k and max 100k training steps\n", "circuit = HighPassCircuit(500)\n", "### SOLUTION START\n", "loss_fn = lambda x, y: (x - (0.3 + 0.7 * y)) ** 2\n", "### SOLUTION END\n", "lr = 1000\n", "train_data_high_bin, R_values_high_bin, grad_values_high_bin = train_hp_circuit_binary(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 16, "id": "209aee6b", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n/* global mpl */\nwindow.mpl = {};\n\nmpl.get_websocket_type = function () {\n if (typeof WebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return WebSocket;\n } else if (typeof MozWebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return MozWebSocket;\n } else {\n alert(\n 'Your browser does not have WebSocket support. ' +\n 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.'\n );\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure = function (figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n this.id = figure_id;\n\n this.ws = websocket;\n\n this.supports_binary = this.ws.binaryType !== undefined;\n\n if (!this.supports_binary) {\n var warnings = document.getElementById('mpl-warnings');\n if (warnings) {\n warnings.style.display = 'block';\n warnings.textContent =\n 'This browser does not support binary websocket messages. ' +\n 'Performance may be slow.';\n }\n }\n\n this.imageObj = new Image();\n\n this.context = undefined;\n this.message = undefined;\n this.canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n\n this.image_mode = 'full';\n\n this.root = document.createElement('div');\n this.root.setAttribute('style', 'display: inline-block');\n this._root_extra_style(this.root);\n\n parent_element.appendChild(this.root);\n\n this._init_header(this);\n this._init_canvas(this);\n this._init_toolbar(this);\n\n var fig = this;\n\n this.waiting = false;\n\n this.ws.onopen = function () {\n fig.send_message('supports_binary', { value: fig.supports_binary });\n fig.send_message('send_image_mode', {});\n if (fig.ratio !== 1) {\n fig.send_message('set_dpi_ratio', { dpi_ratio: fig.ratio });\n }\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onload = function () {\n if (fig.image_mode === 'full') {\n // Full images could contain transparency (where diff images\n // almost always do), so we need to clear the canvas so that\n // there is no ghosting.\n fig.context.clearRect(0, 0, fig.canvas.width, fig.canvas.height);\n }\n fig.context.drawImage(fig.imageObj, 0, 0);\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onunload = function () {\n fig.ws.close();\n };\n\n this.ws.onmessage = this._make_on_message_function(this);\n\n this.ondownload = ondownload;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_header = function () {\n var titlebar = document.createElement('div');\n titlebar.classList =\n 'ui-dialog-titlebar ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix';\n var titletext = document.createElement('div');\n titletext.classList = 'ui-dialog-title';\n titletext.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 3px;'\n );\n titlebar.appendChild(titletext);\n this.root.appendChild(titlebar);\n this.header = titletext;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_canvas = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var canvas_div = (this.canvas_div = document.createElement('div'));\n canvas_div.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'border: 1px solid #ddd;' +\n 'box-sizing: content-box;' +\n 'clear: both;' +\n 'min-height: 1px;' +\n 'min-width: 1px;' +\n 'outline: 0;' +\n 'overflow: hidden;' +\n 'position: relative;' +\n 'resize: both;'\n );\n\n function on_keyboard_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.key_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keydown',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_press')\n );\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keyup',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_release')\n );\n\n this._canvas_extra_style(canvas_div);\n this.root.appendChild(canvas_div);\n\n var canvas = (this.canvas = document.createElement('canvas'));\n canvas.classList.add('mpl-canvas');\n canvas.setAttribute('style', 'box-sizing: content-box;');\n\n this.context = canvas.getContext('2d');\n\n var backingStore =\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.webkitBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.mozBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.msBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.oBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n 1;\n\n this.ratio = (window.devicePixelRatio || 1) / backingStore;\n\n var rubberband_canvas = (this.rubberband_canvas = document.createElement(\n 'canvas'\n ));\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'box-sizing: content-box; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1;'\n );\n\n // Apply a ponyfill if ResizeObserver is not implemented by browser.\n if (this.ResizeObserver === undefined) {\n if (window.ResizeObserver !== undefined) {\n this.ResizeObserver = window.ResizeObserver;\n } else {\n var obs = _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER({});\n this.ResizeObserver = obs.ResizeObserver;\n }\n }\n\n this.resizeObserverInstance = new this.ResizeObserver(function (entries) {\n var nentries = entries.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < nentries; i++) {\n var entry = entries[i];\n var width, height;\n if (entry.contentBoxSize) {\n if (entry.contentBoxSize instanceof Array) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;\n } else {\n // Firefox implements old version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize.inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize.blockSize;\n }\n } else {\n // Chrome <84 implements even older version of spec.\n width = entry.contentRect.width;\n height = entry.contentRect.height;\n }\n\n // Keep the size of the canvas and rubber band canvas in sync with\n // the canvas container.\n if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'width',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize\n );\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'height',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize\n );\n } else {\n canvas.setAttribute('width', width * fig.ratio);\n canvas.setAttribute('height', height * fig.ratio);\n }\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: ' + width + 'px; height: ' + height + 'px;'\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('width', width);\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('height', height);\n\n // And update the size in Python. We ignore the initial 0/0 size\n // that occurs as the element is placed into the DOM, which should\n // otherwise not happen due to the minimum size styling.\n if (fig.ws.readyState == 1 && width != 0 && height != 0) {\n fig.request_resize(width, height);\n }\n }\n });\n this.resizeObserverInstance.observe(canvas_div);\n\n function on_mouse_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.mouse_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousedown',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_press')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseup',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_release')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'dblclick',\n on_mouse_event_closure('dblclick')\n );\n // Throttle sequential mouse events to 1 every 20ms.\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousemove',\n on_mouse_event_closure('motion_notify')\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseenter',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_enter')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseleave',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_leave')\n );\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener('wheel', function (event) {\n if (event.deltaY < 0) {\n event.step = 1;\n } else {\n event.step = -1;\n }\n on_mouse_event_closure('scroll')(event);\n });\n\n canvas_div.appendChild(canvas);\n canvas_div.appendChild(rubberband_canvas);\n\n this.rubberband_context = rubberband_canvas.getContext('2d');\n this.rubberband_context.strokeStyle = '#000000';\n\n this._resize_canvas = function (width, height, forward) {\n if (forward) {\n canvas_div.style.width = width + 'px';\n canvas_div.style.height = height + 'px';\n }\n };\n\n // Disable right mouse context menu.\n this.rubberband_canvas.addEventListener('contextmenu', function (_e) {\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n });\n\n function set_focus() {\n canvas.focus();\n canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n window.setTimeout(set_focus, 100);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'mpl-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n var button = (fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button'));\n button.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n button.setAttribute('role', 'button');\n button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n\n var icon_img = document.createElement('img');\n icon_img.src = '_images/' + image + '.png';\n icon_img.srcset = '_images/' + image + '_large.png 2x';\n icon_img.alt = tooltip;\n button.appendChild(icon_img);\n\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n var fmt_picker = document.createElement('select');\n fmt_picker.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n toolbar.appendChild(fmt_picker);\n this.format_dropdown = fmt_picker;\n\n for (var ind in mpl.extensions) {\n var fmt = mpl.extensions[ind];\n var option = document.createElement('option');\n option.selected = fmt === mpl.default_extension;\n option.innerHTML = fmt;\n fmt_picker.appendChild(option);\n }\n\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.request_resize = function (x_pixels, y_pixels) {\n // Request matplotlib to resize the figure. Matplotlib will then trigger a resize in the client,\n // which will in turn request a refresh of the image.\n this.send_message('resize', { width: x_pixels, height: y_pixels });\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_message = function (type, properties) {\n properties['type'] = type;\n properties['figure_id'] = this.id;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(properties));\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_draw_message = function () {\n if (!this.waiting) {\n this.waiting = true;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'draw', figure_id: this.id }));\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n var format_dropdown = fig.format_dropdown;\n var format = format_dropdown.options[format_dropdown.selectedIndex].value;\n fig.ondownload(fig, format);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_resize = function (fig, msg) {\n var size = msg['size'];\n if (size[0] !== fig.canvas.width || size[1] !== fig.canvas.height) {\n fig._resize_canvas(size[0], size[1], msg['forward']);\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_rubberband = function (fig, msg) {\n var x0 = msg['x0'] / fig.ratio;\n var y0 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y0']) / fig.ratio;\n var x1 = msg['x1'] / fig.ratio;\n var y1 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y1']) / fig.ratio;\n x0 = Math.floor(x0) + 0.5;\n y0 = Math.floor(y0) + 0.5;\n x1 = Math.floor(x1) + 0.5;\n y1 = Math.floor(y1) + 0.5;\n var min_x = Math.min(x0, x1);\n var min_y = Math.min(y0, y1);\n var width = Math.abs(x1 - x0);\n var height = Math.abs(y1 - y0);\n\n fig.rubberband_context.clearRect(\n 0,\n 0,\n fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio,\n fig.canvas.height / fig.ratio\n );\n\n fig.rubberband_context.strokeRect(min_x, min_y, width, height);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_figure_label = function (fig, msg) {\n // Updates the figure title.\n fig.header.textContent = msg['label'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_cursor = function (fig, msg) {\n var cursor = msg['cursor'];\n switch (cursor) {\n case 0:\n cursor = 'pointer';\n break;\n case 1:\n cursor = 'default';\n break;\n case 2:\n cursor = 'crosshair';\n break;\n case 3:\n cursor = 'move';\n break;\n }\n fig.rubberband_canvas.style.cursor = cursor;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_message = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.message.textContent = msg['message'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_draw = function (fig, _msg) {\n // Request the server to send over a new figure.\n fig.send_draw_message();\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_image_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.image_mode = msg['mode'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_history_buttons = function (fig, msg) {\n for (var key in msg) {\n if (!(key in fig.buttons)) {\n continue;\n }\n fig.buttons[key].disabled = !msg[key];\n fig.buttons[key].setAttribute('aria-disabled', !msg[key]);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_navigate_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n if (msg['mode'] === 'PAN') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.add('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n } else if (msg['mode'] === 'ZOOM') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.add('active');\n } else {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Called whenever the canvas gets updated.\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n};\n\n// A function to construct a web socket function for onmessage handling.\n// Called in the figure constructor.\nmpl.figure.prototype._make_on_message_function = function (fig) {\n return function socket_on_message(evt) {\n if (evt.data instanceof Blob) {\n var img = evt.data;\n if (img.type !== 'image/png') {\n /* FIXME: We get \"Resource interpreted as Image but\n * transferred with MIME type text/plain:\" errors on\n * Chrome. But how to set the MIME type? It doesn't seem\n * to be part of the websocket stream */\n img.type = 'image/png';\n }\n\n /* Free the memory for the previous frames */\n if (fig.imageObj.src) {\n (window.URL || window.webkitURL).revokeObjectURL(\n fig.imageObj.src\n );\n }\n\n fig.imageObj.src = (window.URL || window.webkitURL).createObjectURL(\n img\n );\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n } else if (\n typeof evt.data === 'string' &&\n evt.data.slice(0, 21) === 'data:image/png;base64'\n ) {\n fig.imageObj.src = evt.data;\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n }\n\n var msg = JSON.parse(evt.data);\n var msg_type = msg['type'];\n\n // Call the \"handle_{type}\" callback, which takes\n // the figure and JSON message as its only arguments.\n try {\n var callback = fig['handle_' + msg_type];\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"No handler for the '\" + msg_type + \"' message type: \",\n msg\n );\n return;\n }\n\n if (callback) {\n try {\n // console.log(\"Handling '\" + msg_type + \"' message: \", msg);\n callback(fig, msg);\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"Exception inside the 'handler_\" + msg_type + \"' callback:\",\n e,\n e.stack,\n msg\n );\n }\n }\n };\n};\n\n// from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1114465/getting-mouse-location-in-canvas\nmpl.findpos = function (e) {\n //this section is from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html\n var targ;\n if (!e) {\n e = window.event;\n }\n if (e.target) {\n targ = e.target;\n } else if (e.srcElement) {\n targ = e.srcElement;\n }\n if (targ.nodeType === 3) {\n // defeat Safari bug\n targ = targ.parentNode;\n }\n\n // pageX,Y are the mouse positions relative to the document\n var boundingRect = targ.getBoundingClientRect();\n var x = e.pageX - (boundingRect.left + document.body.scrollLeft);\n var y = e.pageY - (boundingRect.top + document.body.scrollTop);\n\n return { x: x, y: y };\n};\n\n/*\n * return a copy of an object with only non-object keys\n * we need this to avoid circular references\n * http://stackoverflow.com/a/24161582/3208463\n */\nfunction simpleKeys(original) {\n return Object.keys(original).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n if (typeof original[key] !== 'object') {\n obj[key] = original[key];\n }\n return obj;\n }, {});\n}\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.mouse_event = function (event, name) {\n var canvas_pos = mpl.findpos(event);\n\n if (name === 'button_press') {\n this.canvas.focus();\n this.canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n var x = canvas_pos.x * this.ratio;\n var y = canvas_pos.y * this.ratio;\n\n this.send_message(name, {\n x: x,\n y: y,\n button: event.button,\n step: event.step,\n guiEvent: simpleKeys(event),\n });\n\n /* This prevents the web browser from automatically changing to\n * the text insertion cursor when the button is pressed. We want\n * to control all of the cursor setting manually through the\n * 'cursor' event from matplotlib */\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (_event, _name) {\n // Handle any extra behaviour associated with a key event\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.key_event = function (event, name) {\n // Prevent repeat events\n if (name === 'key_press') {\n if (event.key === this._key) {\n return;\n } else {\n this._key = event.key;\n }\n }\n if (name === 'key_release') {\n this._key = null;\n }\n\n var value = '';\n if (event.ctrlKey && event.key !== 'Control') {\n value += 'ctrl+';\n }\n else if (event.altKey && event.key !== 'Alt') {\n value += 'alt+';\n }\n else if (event.shiftKey && event.key !== 'Shift') {\n value += 'shift+';\n }\n\n value += 'k' + event.key;\n\n this._key_event_extra(event, name);\n\n this.send_message(name, { key: value, guiEvent: simpleKeys(event) });\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onclick = function (name) {\n if (name === 'download') {\n this.handle_save(this, null);\n } else {\n this.send_message('toolbar_button', { name: name });\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onmouseover = function (tooltip) {\n this.message.textContent = tooltip;\n};\n\n///////////////// REMAINING CONTENT GENERATED BY embed_js.py /////////////////\n// prettier-ignore\nvar _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER=function(A){var t,i=new WeakMap,n=new WeakMap,a=new WeakMap,r=new WeakMap,o=new Set;function s(e){if(!(this instanceof s))throw new TypeError(\"Constructor requires 'new' operator\");i.set(this,e)}function h(){throw new TypeError(\"Function is not a constructor\")}function c(e,t,i,n){e=0 in arguments?Number(arguments[0]):0,t=1 in arguments?Number(arguments[1]):0,i=2 in arguments?Number(arguments[2]):0,n=3 in arguments?Number(arguments[3]):0,this.right=(this.x=this.left=e)+(this.width=i),this.bottom=(this.y=this.top=t)+(this.height=n),Object.freeze(this)}function d(){t=requestAnimationFrame(d);var s=new WeakMap,p=new Set;o.forEach((function(t){r.get(t).forEach((function(i){var r=t instanceof window.SVGElement,o=a.get(t),d=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingTop),f=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingRight),l=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingBottom),u=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingLeft),g=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderTopWidth),m=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderRightWidth),w=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderBottomWidth),b=u+f,F=d+l,v=(r?0:parseFloat(o.borderLeftWidth))+m,W=g+w,y=r?0:t.offsetHeight-W-t.clientHeight,E=r?0:t.offsetWidth-v-t.clientWidth,R=b+v,z=F+W,M=r?t.width:parseFloat(o.width)-R-E,O=r?t.height:parseFloat(o.height)-z-y;if(n.has(t)){var k=n.get(t);if(k[0]===M&&k[1]===O)return}n.set(t,[M,O]);var S=Object.create(h.prototype);S.target=t,S.contentRect=new c(u,d,M,O),s.has(i)||(s.set(i,[]),p.add(i)),s.get(i).push(S)}))})),p.forEach((function(e){i.get(e).call(e,s.get(e),e)}))}return s.prototype.observe=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element){r.has(i)||(r.set(i,new Set),o.add(i),a.set(i,window.getComputedStyle(i)));var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)||n.add(this),cancelAnimationFrame(t),t=requestAnimationFrame(d)}},s.prototype.unobserve=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element&&r.has(i)){var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)&&(n.delete(this),n.size||(r.delete(i),o.delete(i))),n.size||r.delete(i),o.size||cancelAnimationFrame(t)}},A.DOMRectReadOnly=c,A.ResizeObserver=s,A.ResizeObserverEntry=h,A}; // eslint-disable-line\nmpl.toolbar_items = [[\"Home\", \"Reset original view\", \"fa fa-home icon-home\", \"home\"], [\"Back\", \"Back to previous view\", \"fa fa-arrow-left icon-arrow-left\", \"back\"], [\"Forward\", \"Forward to next view\", \"fa fa-arrow-right icon-arrow-right\", \"forward\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Pan\", \"Left button pans, Right button zooms\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-arrows icon-move\", \"pan\"], [\"Zoom\", \"Zoom to rectangle\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-square-o icon-check-empty\", \"zoom\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Download\", \"Download plot\", \"fa fa-floppy-o icon-save\", \"download\"]];\n\nmpl.extensions = [\"eps\", \"jpeg\", \"pgf\", \"pdf\", \"png\", \"ps\", \"raw\", \"svg\", \"tif\"];\n\nmpl.default_extension = \"png\";/* global mpl */\n\nvar comm_websocket_adapter = function (comm) {\n // Create a \"websocket\"-like object which calls the given IPython comm\n // object with the appropriate methods. Currently this is a non binary\n // socket, so there is still some room for performance tuning.\n var ws = {};\n\n ws.binaryType = comm.kernel.ws.binaryType;\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n function updateReadyState(_event) {\n if (comm.kernel.ws) {\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n } else {\n ws.readyState = 3; // Closed state.\n }\n }\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('open', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('close', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('error', updateReadyState);\n\n ws.close = function () {\n comm.close();\n };\n ws.send = function (m) {\n //console.log('sending', m);\n comm.send(m);\n };\n // Register the callback with on_msg.\n comm.on_msg(function (msg) {\n //console.log('receiving', msg['content']['data'], msg);\n var data = msg['content']['data'];\n if (data['blob'] !== undefined) {\n data = {\n data: new Blob(msg['buffers'], { type: data['blob'] }),\n };\n }\n // Pass the mpl event to the overridden (by mpl) onmessage function.\n ws.onmessage(data);\n });\n return ws;\n};\n\nmpl.mpl_figure_comm = function (comm, msg) {\n // This is the function which gets called when the mpl process\n // starts-up an IPython Comm through the \"matplotlib\" channel.\n\n var id = msg.content.data.id;\n // Get hold of the div created by the display call when the Comm\n // socket was opened in Python.\n var element = document.getElementById(id);\n var ws_proxy = comm_websocket_adapter(comm);\n\n function ondownload(figure, _format) {\n window.open(figure.canvas.toDataURL());\n }\n\n var fig = new mpl.figure(id, ws_proxy, ondownload, element);\n\n // Call onopen now - mpl needs it, as it is assuming we've passed it a real\n // web socket which is closed, not our websocket->open comm proxy.\n ws_proxy.onopen();\n\n fig.parent_element = element;\n fig.cell_info = mpl.find_output_cell(\"
\");\n if (!fig.cell_info) {\n console.error('Failed to find cell for figure', id, fig);\n return;\n }\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.on(\n 'cleared',\n { fig: fig },\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_close = function (fig, msg) {\n var width = fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio;\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.off(\n 'cleared',\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n fig.resizeObserverInstance.unobserve(fig.canvas_div);\n\n // Update the output cell to use the data from the current canvas.\n fig.push_to_output();\n var dataURL = fig.canvas.toDataURL();\n // Re-enable the keyboard manager in IPython - without this line, in FF,\n // the notebook keyboard shortcuts fail.\n IPython.keyboard_manager.enable();\n fig.parent_element.innerHTML =\n '';\n fig.close_ws(fig, msg);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.close_ws = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.send_message('closing', msg);\n // fig.ws.close()\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.push_to_output = function (_remove_interactive) {\n // Turn the data on the canvas into data in the output cell.\n var width = this.canvas.width / this.ratio;\n var dataURL = this.canvas.toDataURL();\n this.cell_info[1]['text/html'] =\n '';\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Tell IPython that the notebook contents must change.\n IPython.notebook.set_dirty(true);\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n var fig = this;\n // Wait a second, then push the new image to the DOM so\n // that it is saved nicely (might be nice to debounce this).\n setTimeout(function () {\n fig.push_to_output();\n }, 1000);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'btn-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n var button;\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n button = fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-default';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = name;\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n // Add the status bar.\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message pull-right';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n\n // Add the close button to the window.\n var buttongrp = document.createElement('div');\n buttongrp.classList = 'btn-group inline pull-right';\n button = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-mini btn-primary';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = 'Stop Interaction';\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', function (_evt) {\n fig.handle_close(fig, {});\n });\n button.addEventListener(\n 'mouseover',\n on_mouseover_closure('Stop Interaction')\n );\n buttongrp.appendChild(button);\n var titlebar = this.root.querySelector('.ui-dialog-titlebar');\n titlebar.insertBefore(buttongrp, titlebar.firstChild);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._remove_fig_handler = function (event) {\n var fig = event.data.fig;\n if (event.target !== this) {\n // Ignore bubbled events from children.\n return;\n }\n fig.close_ws(fig, {});\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (el) {\n el.style.boxSizing = 'content-box'; // override notebook setting of border-box.\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (el) {\n // this is important to make the div 'focusable\n el.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);\n // reach out to IPython and tell the keyboard manager to turn it's self\n // off when our div gets focus\n\n // location in version 3\n if (IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager) {\n IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n } else {\n // location in version 2\n IPython.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (event, _name) {\n var manager = IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager;\n if (!manager) {\n manager = IPython.keyboard_manager;\n }\n\n // Check for shift+enter\n if (event.shiftKey && event.which === 13) {\n this.canvas_div.blur();\n // select the cell after this one\n var index = IPython.notebook.find_cell_index(this.cell_info[0]);\n IPython.notebook.select(index + 1);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n fig.ondownload(fig, null);\n};\n\nmpl.find_output_cell = function (html_output) {\n // Return the cell and output element which can be found *uniquely* in the notebook.\n // Note - this is a bit hacky, but it is done because the \"notebook_saving.Notebook\"\n // IPython event is triggered only after the cells have been serialised, which for\n // our purposes (turning an active figure into a static one), is too late.\n var cells = IPython.notebook.get_cells();\n var ncells = cells.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < ncells; i++) {\n var cell = cells[i];\n if (cell.cell_type === 'code') {\n for (var j = 0; j < cell.output_area.outputs.length; j++) {\n var data = cell.output_area.outputs[j];\n if (data.data) {\n // IPython >= 3 moved mimebundle to data attribute of output\n data = data.data;\n }\n if (data['text/html'] === html_output) {\n return [cell, data, j];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Register the function which deals with the matplotlib target/channel.\n// The kernel may be null if the page has been refreshed.\nif (IPython.notebook.kernel !== null) {\n IPython.notebook.kernel.comm_manager.register_target(\n 'matplotlib',\n mpl.mpl_figure_comm\n );\n}\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "70b7424b569b417797b2c5aa9b622501", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "interactive(children=(IntSlider(value=0, description='Training Iteration', layout=Layout(width='100%'), max=48…" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Plot transfer function over training\n", "fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4)) = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(9, 6))\n", "ws = 2 * math.pi * 10 ** torch.linspace(0, 6, 1000)\n", "subsample = int(dataset_size / 100)\n", "train_data_mask = train_data_high_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_high_bin[0][::subsample][train_data_mask] / (2 * math.pi), np.ones(train_data_mask.sum()), c=\"r\", marker=\"x\")\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_high_bin[0][::subsample][~train_data_mask] / (2 * math.pi), np.zeros((~train_data_mask).sum()), c=\"k\", marker=\"x\")\n", "mags = evaluate_hp_circuit(ws, R_values_high_bin[0])\n", "learned_tf, = ax1.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags, linewidth=3)\n", "cutoff = ws[np.argmax(mags > cutoff_mag)]\n", "cut = ax1.axvline(cutoff / (2 * math.pi), c=\"red\", linestyle=\"--\", linewidth=3)\n", "ax1.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax1.set_title(\"Transfer Function\")\n", "ax1.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax1.set_ylabel(\"Magnitude\")\n", "ax1.legend([\"Learned TF\", \"Learned $f_c$\", \"TF + Samples\", \"TF - Samples\"])\n", "\n", "# Show loss surface over training\n", "eval_pts = torch.arange(10, 1001, 1)\n", "eval_vals = evaluate_hp_circuit(train_data_high_bin[0][:, None], eval_pts[None, :])\n", "loss_surface_mse = loss_fn(eval_vals, (train_data_high_bin[1][:, None].expand(eval_vals.shape) > cutoff_mag).float())\n", "ax2.plot(eval_pts, loss_surface_mse.sum(0), linewidth=3)\n", "cur_loss, = ax2.plot(R_values_high_bin[0], loss_surface_mse[:, int(R_values_high_bin[0] - 10)].sum(0), marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_loss_label = ax2.annotate(f\"R = {R_values_high_bin[0]:.0f}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.82, 0.9), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax2.set_title(\"Loss Surface\")\n", "ax2.set_xlim([0, 1000])\n", "ax2.set_xlabel(\"$R \\; (\\Omega)$\")\n", "ax2.set_ylabel(\"Loss\")\n", "\n", "# Show loss contributions of each data point\n", "cur_circuit = HighPassCircuit(R_values_high_bin[0])\n", "data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_high_bin[0][::subsample]), (train_data_high_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag).float())\n", "data_grads = torch.zeros(len(data_losses))\n", "for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.autograd.grad(dl, cur_circuit.R, retain_graph=True)[0]\n", "data_grads_scat = ax3.scatter(train_data_high_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads, marker=\"x\", c=\"k\")\n", "ax3.set_xscale(\"log\")\n", "ax3.set_ylabel(\"Derivative\")\n", "ax3.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax3.set_ylim([-3e-3, 3e-3])\n", "ax3.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax3.set_title(\"Derivative by Training Datapoint\")\n", "\n", "# Show gradient at each training iteration\n", "ax4.plot(np.arange(len(grad_values_high_bin)), grad_values_high_bin, linewidth=3)\n", "cur_iter, = ax4.plot(0, grad_values_high_bin[0], marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_grad_label = ax4.annotate(f\"Grad = {grad_values_high_bin[0]:.2e}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.65, 0.9), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax4.set_xlabel(\"Training Iteration\")\n", "ax4.set_ylabel(\"Gradient\")\n", "ax4.set_title(\"Gradients\")\n", "ax4.set_xlim([-1, len(grad_values_high_bin)])\n", "\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "\n", "# Main update function for interactive plots\n", "def update_iter_high_bin(t=0):\n", " mags = evaluate_hp_circuit(ws, R_values_high_bin[t])\n", " learned_tf.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags)\n", " cutoff = ws[np.argmax(mags > cutoff_mag)]\n", " cut.set_xdata(cutoff / (2 * math.pi))\n", " cur_loss.set_data(R_values_high_bin[t], loss_surface_mse[:, int(R_values_high_bin[t] - 10)].sum(0))\n", " cur_loss_label.set_text(f\"R = {R_values_high_bin[t]:.0f}\")\n", " cur_iter.set_data(t, grad_values_high_bin[t])\n", " cur_grad_label.set_text(f\"Grad = {grad_values_high_bin[t]:.2e}\")\n", " cur_circuit = HighPassCircuit(R_values_high_bin[t])\n", " data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_high_bin[0][::subsample]), (train_data_high_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag).float())\n", " data_grads = torch.zeros(len(data_losses))\n", " for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.autograd.grad(dl, cur_circuit.R, retain_graph=True)[0]\n", " data_grads_scat.set_offsets(torch.stack((train_data_high_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads)).T)\n", " fig.canvas.draw_idle()\n", " \n", "# Include sliders for relevant quantities\n", "ip = interactive(update_iter_high_bin, \n", " t=widgets.IntSlider(value=0, min=0, max=len(R_values_high_bin) - 1, step=1, description=\"Training Iteration\", style={'description_width': 'initial'}, layout=Layout(width='100%')))\n", "ip" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "95e0606c", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## (g) Learning a Band Pass Filter from Binary Data" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 17, "id": "17a763da", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# Transfer function: evaluates magnitude of given frequencies for resistor values in the band pass circuit\n", "def evaluate_bp_circuit(freqs, R_low, R_high):\n", " ### SOLUTION START\n", " return evaluate_lp_circuit(freqs, R_low) * evaluate_hp_circuit(freqs, R_high)\n", " ### SOLUTION END\n", "\n", "# PyTorch model of the band pass circuit (for training)\n", "class BandPassCircuit(nn.Module):\n", " def __init__(self, R_low=None, R_high=None):\n", " super().__init__()\n", " self.R_low = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(R_low, dtype=float) if R_low is not None else torch.rand(1) * 1000)\n", " self.R_high = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(R_high, dtype=float) if R_high is not None else torch.rand(1) * 1000)\n", " \n", " def forward(self, freqs):\n", " return evaluate_bp_circuit(freqs, self.R_low, self.R_high)\n", " \n", "# Generate training data in a uniform log scale of frequences, then evaluate using true transfer function\n", "R_low_des = 1 / (2 * math.pi * 4000 * cap_value)\n", "R_high_des = 1 / (2 * math.pi * 1000 * cap_value)\n", "def generate_bp_training_data(n):\n", " rand_ws = 2 * math.pi * torch.pow(10, torch.rand(n) * 6)\n", " labels = evaluate_bp_circuit(rand_ws, R_low_des, R_high_des)\n", " return rand_ws, labels\n", "\n", "# Train a given low pass filter from binary data\n", "def train_bp_circuit_binary(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr):\n", " \n", " R_values = [[float(circuit.R_low.data), float(circuit.R_high.data)]]\n", " grad_values = [[np.nan, np.nan]]\n", " train_data = generate_bp_training_data(dataset_size)\n", " print(f\"Initial Resistor Values: R_low = {float(circuit.R_low.data):.0f}, R_high = {float(circuit.R_high.data):.0f}\")\n", " iter_bar = tqdm.trange(max_training_steps, desc=\"Training Iter\")\n", " for i in iter_bar:\n", " pred = circuit(train_data[0])\n", " loss = loss_fn(pred, (train_data[1] > cutoff_mag).float()).mean()\n", " ### SOLUTION START\n", " grad = torch.autograd.grad(loss, (circuit.R_low, circuit.R_high))\n", " ### SOLUTION END\n", " with torch.no_grad():\n", " ### SOLUTION START\n", " circuit.R_low -= lr * grad[0]\n", " circuit.R_high -= lr * grad[1]\n", " ### SOLUTION END\n", " \n", " R_values.append([float(circuit.R_low.data), float(circuit.R_high.data)])\n", " grad_values.append([float(grad[0].data), float(grad[1].data)])\n", " iter_bar.set_postfix_str(f\"Loss: {float(loss.data):.3f}, R_low={float(circuit.R_low.data):.0f}, R_high={float(circuit.R_high.data):.0f}\")\n", " if loss.data < 1e-6 or (abs(grad[0].data) < 1e-6 and abs(grad[1].data) < 1e-6):\n", " break\n", "\n", " print(f\"Final Resistor Values: R_low = {float(circuit.R_low.data):.0f}, R_high = {float(circuit.R_high.data):.0f}\")\n", " return train_data, R_values, grad_values" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 18, "id": "07eea001", "metadata": { "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Initial Resistor Values: R_low = 500, R_high = 500\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Training Iter: 13%|██▋ | 13371/100000 [00:19<02:07, 679.12it/s, Loss: 0.061, R_low=38, R_high=165]\n" ] }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Final Resistor Values: R_low = 38, R_high = 165\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Create a circuit, use MSE loss with learning rate of 100, dataset size 10k and max 100k training steps\n", "circuit = BandPassCircuit(500, 500)\n", "lr = 1000\n", "train_data_band_bin, R_values_band_bin, grad_values_band_bin = train_bp_circuit_binary(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 19, "id": "eee25792", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n/* global mpl */\nwindow.mpl = {};\n\nmpl.get_websocket_type = function () {\n if (typeof WebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return WebSocket;\n } else if (typeof MozWebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return MozWebSocket;\n } else {\n alert(\n 'Your browser does not have WebSocket support. ' +\n 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.'\n );\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure = function (figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n this.id = figure_id;\n\n this.ws = websocket;\n\n this.supports_binary = this.ws.binaryType !== undefined;\n\n if (!this.supports_binary) {\n var warnings = document.getElementById('mpl-warnings');\n if (warnings) {\n warnings.style.display = 'block';\n warnings.textContent =\n 'This browser does not support binary websocket messages. ' +\n 'Performance may be slow.';\n }\n }\n\n this.imageObj = new Image();\n\n this.context = undefined;\n this.message = undefined;\n this.canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n\n this.image_mode = 'full';\n\n this.root = document.createElement('div');\n this.root.setAttribute('style', 'display: inline-block');\n this._root_extra_style(this.root);\n\n parent_element.appendChild(this.root);\n\n this._init_header(this);\n this._init_canvas(this);\n this._init_toolbar(this);\n\n var fig = this;\n\n this.waiting = false;\n\n this.ws.onopen = function () {\n fig.send_message('supports_binary', { value: fig.supports_binary });\n fig.send_message('send_image_mode', {});\n if (fig.ratio !== 1) {\n fig.send_message('set_dpi_ratio', { dpi_ratio: fig.ratio });\n }\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onload = function () {\n if (fig.image_mode === 'full') {\n // Full images could contain transparency (where diff images\n // almost always do), so we need to clear the canvas so that\n // there is no ghosting.\n fig.context.clearRect(0, 0, fig.canvas.width, fig.canvas.height);\n }\n fig.context.drawImage(fig.imageObj, 0, 0);\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onunload = function () {\n fig.ws.close();\n };\n\n this.ws.onmessage = this._make_on_message_function(this);\n\n this.ondownload = ondownload;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_header = function () {\n var titlebar = document.createElement('div');\n titlebar.classList =\n 'ui-dialog-titlebar ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix';\n var titletext = document.createElement('div');\n titletext.classList = 'ui-dialog-title';\n titletext.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 3px;'\n );\n titlebar.appendChild(titletext);\n this.root.appendChild(titlebar);\n this.header = titletext;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_canvas = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var canvas_div = (this.canvas_div = document.createElement('div'));\n canvas_div.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'border: 1px solid #ddd;' +\n 'box-sizing: content-box;' +\n 'clear: both;' +\n 'min-height: 1px;' +\n 'min-width: 1px;' +\n 'outline: 0;' +\n 'overflow: hidden;' +\n 'position: relative;' +\n 'resize: both;'\n );\n\n function on_keyboard_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.key_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keydown',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_press')\n );\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keyup',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_release')\n );\n\n this._canvas_extra_style(canvas_div);\n this.root.appendChild(canvas_div);\n\n var canvas = (this.canvas = document.createElement('canvas'));\n canvas.classList.add('mpl-canvas');\n canvas.setAttribute('style', 'box-sizing: content-box;');\n\n this.context = canvas.getContext('2d');\n\n var backingStore =\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.webkitBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.mozBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.msBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.oBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n 1;\n\n this.ratio = (window.devicePixelRatio || 1) / backingStore;\n\n var rubberband_canvas = (this.rubberband_canvas = document.createElement(\n 'canvas'\n ));\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'box-sizing: content-box; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1;'\n );\n\n // Apply a ponyfill if ResizeObserver is not implemented by browser.\n if (this.ResizeObserver === undefined) {\n if (window.ResizeObserver !== undefined) {\n this.ResizeObserver = window.ResizeObserver;\n } else {\n var obs = _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER({});\n this.ResizeObserver = obs.ResizeObserver;\n }\n }\n\n this.resizeObserverInstance = new this.ResizeObserver(function (entries) {\n var nentries = entries.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < nentries; i++) {\n var entry = entries[i];\n var width, height;\n if (entry.contentBoxSize) {\n if (entry.contentBoxSize instanceof Array) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;\n } else {\n // Firefox implements old version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize.inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize.blockSize;\n }\n } else {\n // Chrome <84 implements even older version of spec.\n width = entry.contentRect.width;\n height = entry.contentRect.height;\n }\n\n // Keep the size of the canvas and rubber band canvas in sync with\n // the canvas container.\n if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'width',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize\n );\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'height',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize\n );\n } else {\n canvas.setAttribute('width', width * fig.ratio);\n canvas.setAttribute('height', height * fig.ratio);\n }\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: ' + width + 'px; height: ' + height + 'px;'\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('width', width);\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('height', height);\n\n // And update the size in Python. We ignore the initial 0/0 size\n // that occurs as the element is placed into the DOM, which should\n // otherwise not happen due to the minimum size styling.\n if (fig.ws.readyState == 1 && width != 0 && height != 0) {\n fig.request_resize(width, height);\n }\n }\n });\n this.resizeObserverInstance.observe(canvas_div);\n\n function on_mouse_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.mouse_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousedown',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_press')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseup',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_release')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'dblclick',\n on_mouse_event_closure('dblclick')\n );\n // Throttle sequential mouse events to 1 every 20ms.\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousemove',\n on_mouse_event_closure('motion_notify')\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseenter',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_enter')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseleave',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_leave')\n );\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener('wheel', function (event) {\n if (event.deltaY < 0) {\n event.step = 1;\n } else {\n event.step = -1;\n }\n on_mouse_event_closure('scroll')(event);\n });\n\n canvas_div.appendChild(canvas);\n canvas_div.appendChild(rubberband_canvas);\n\n this.rubberband_context = rubberband_canvas.getContext('2d');\n this.rubberband_context.strokeStyle = '#000000';\n\n this._resize_canvas = function (width, height, forward) {\n if (forward) {\n canvas_div.style.width = width + 'px';\n canvas_div.style.height = height + 'px';\n }\n };\n\n // Disable right mouse context menu.\n this.rubberband_canvas.addEventListener('contextmenu', function (_e) {\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n });\n\n function set_focus() {\n canvas.focus();\n canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n window.setTimeout(set_focus, 100);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'mpl-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n var button = (fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button'));\n button.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n button.setAttribute('role', 'button');\n button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n\n var icon_img = document.createElement('img');\n icon_img.src = '_images/' + image + '.png';\n icon_img.srcset = '_images/' + image + '_large.png 2x';\n icon_img.alt = tooltip;\n button.appendChild(icon_img);\n\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n var fmt_picker = document.createElement('select');\n fmt_picker.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n toolbar.appendChild(fmt_picker);\n this.format_dropdown = fmt_picker;\n\n for (var ind in mpl.extensions) {\n var fmt = mpl.extensions[ind];\n var option = document.createElement('option');\n option.selected = fmt === mpl.default_extension;\n option.innerHTML = fmt;\n fmt_picker.appendChild(option);\n }\n\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.request_resize = function (x_pixels, y_pixels) {\n // Request matplotlib to resize the figure. Matplotlib will then trigger a resize in the client,\n // which will in turn request a refresh of the image.\n this.send_message('resize', { width: x_pixels, height: y_pixels });\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_message = function (type, properties) {\n properties['type'] = type;\n properties['figure_id'] = this.id;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(properties));\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_draw_message = function () {\n if (!this.waiting) {\n this.waiting = true;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'draw', figure_id: this.id }));\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n var format_dropdown = fig.format_dropdown;\n var format = format_dropdown.options[format_dropdown.selectedIndex].value;\n fig.ondownload(fig, format);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_resize = function (fig, msg) {\n var size = msg['size'];\n if (size[0] !== fig.canvas.width || size[1] !== fig.canvas.height) {\n fig._resize_canvas(size[0], size[1], msg['forward']);\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_rubberband = function (fig, msg) {\n var x0 = msg['x0'] / fig.ratio;\n var y0 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y0']) / fig.ratio;\n var x1 = msg['x1'] / fig.ratio;\n var y1 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y1']) / fig.ratio;\n x0 = Math.floor(x0) + 0.5;\n y0 = Math.floor(y0) + 0.5;\n x1 = Math.floor(x1) + 0.5;\n y1 = Math.floor(y1) + 0.5;\n var min_x = Math.min(x0, x1);\n var min_y = Math.min(y0, y1);\n var width = Math.abs(x1 - x0);\n var height = Math.abs(y1 - y0);\n\n fig.rubberband_context.clearRect(\n 0,\n 0,\n fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio,\n fig.canvas.height / fig.ratio\n );\n\n fig.rubberband_context.strokeRect(min_x, min_y, width, height);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_figure_label = function (fig, msg) {\n // Updates the figure title.\n fig.header.textContent = msg['label'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_cursor = function (fig, msg) {\n var cursor = msg['cursor'];\n switch (cursor) {\n case 0:\n cursor = 'pointer';\n break;\n case 1:\n cursor = 'default';\n break;\n case 2:\n cursor = 'crosshair';\n break;\n case 3:\n cursor = 'move';\n break;\n }\n fig.rubberband_canvas.style.cursor = cursor;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_message = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.message.textContent = msg['message'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_draw = function (fig, _msg) {\n // Request the server to send over a new figure.\n fig.send_draw_message();\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_image_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.image_mode = msg['mode'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_history_buttons = function (fig, msg) {\n for (var key in msg) {\n if (!(key in fig.buttons)) {\n continue;\n }\n fig.buttons[key].disabled = !msg[key];\n fig.buttons[key].setAttribute('aria-disabled', !msg[key]);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_navigate_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n if (msg['mode'] === 'PAN') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.add('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n } else if (msg['mode'] === 'ZOOM') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.add('active');\n } else {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Called whenever the canvas gets updated.\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n};\n\n// A function to construct a web socket function for onmessage handling.\n// Called in the figure constructor.\nmpl.figure.prototype._make_on_message_function = function (fig) {\n return function socket_on_message(evt) {\n if (evt.data instanceof Blob) {\n var img = evt.data;\n if (img.type !== 'image/png') {\n /* FIXME: We get \"Resource interpreted as Image but\n * transferred with MIME type text/plain:\" errors on\n * Chrome. But how to set the MIME type? It doesn't seem\n * to be part of the websocket stream */\n img.type = 'image/png';\n }\n\n /* Free the memory for the previous frames */\n if (fig.imageObj.src) {\n (window.URL || window.webkitURL).revokeObjectURL(\n fig.imageObj.src\n );\n }\n\n fig.imageObj.src = (window.URL || window.webkitURL).createObjectURL(\n img\n );\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n } else if (\n typeof evt.data === 'string' &&\n evt.data.slice(0, 21) === 'data:image/png;base64'\n ) {\n fig.imageObj.src = evt.data;\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n }\n\n var msg = JSON.parse(evt.data);\n var msg_type = msg['type'];\n\n // Call the \"handle_{type}\" callback, which takes\n // the figure and JSON message as its only arguments.\n try {\n var callback = fig['handle_' + msg_type];\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"No handler for the '\" + msg_type + \"' message type: \",\n msg\n );\n return;\n }\n\n if (callback) {\n try {\n // console.log(\"Handling '\" + msg_type + \"' message: \", msg);\n callback(fig, msg);\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"Exception inside the 'handler_\" + msg_type + \"' callback:\",\n e,\n e.stack,\n msg\n );\n }\n }\n };\n};\n\n// from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1114465/getting-mouse-location-in-canvas\nmpl.findpos = function (e) {\n //this section is from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html\n var targ;\n if (!e) {\n e = window.event;\n }\n if (e.target) {\n targ = e.target;\n } else if (e.srcElement) {\n targ = e.srcElement;\n }\n if (targ.nodeType === 3) {\n // defeat Safari bug\n targ = targ.parentNode;\n }\n\n // pageX,Y are the mouse positions relative to the document\n var boundingRect = targ.getBoundingClientRect();\n var x = e.pageX - (boundingRect.left + document.body.scrollLeft);\n var y = e.pageY - (boundingRect.top + document.body.scrollTop);\n\n return { x: x, y: y };\n};\n\n/*\n * return a copy of an object with only non-object keys\n * we need this to avoid circular references\n * http://stackoverflow.com/a/24161582/3208463\n */\nfunction simpleKeys(original) {\n return Object.keys(original).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n if (typeof original[key] !== 'object') {\n obj[key] = original[key];\n }\n return obj;\n }, {});\n}\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.mouse_event = function (event, name) {\n var canvas_pos = mpl.findpos(event);\n\n if (name === 'button_press') {\n this.canvas.focus();\n this.canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n var x = canvas_pos.x * this.ratio;\n var y = canvas_pos.y * this.ratio;\n\n this.send_message(name, {\n x: x,\n y: y,\n button: event.button,\n step: event.step,\n guiEvent: simpleKeys(event),\n });\n\n /* This prevents the web browser from automatically changing to\n * the text insertion cursor when the button is pressed. We want\n * to control all of the cursor setting manually through the\n * 'cursor' event from matplotlib */\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (_event, _name) {\n // Handle any extra behaviour associated with a key event\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.key_event = function (event, name) {\n // Prevent repeat events\n if (name === 'key_press') {\n if (event.key === this._key) {\n return;\n } else {\n this._key = event.key;\n }\n }\n if (name === 'key_release') {\n this._key = null;\n }\n\n var value = '';\n if (event.ctrlKey && event.key !== 'Control') {\n value += 'ctrl+';\n }\n else if (event.altKey && event.key !== 'Alt') {\n value += 'alt+';\n }\n else if (event.shiftKey && event.key !== 'Shift') {\n value += 'shift+';\n }\n\n value += 'k' + event.key;\n\n this._key_event_extra(event, name);\n\n this.send_message(name, { key: value, guiEvent: simpleKeys(event) });\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onclick = function (name) {\n if (name === 'download') {\n this.handle_save(this, null);\n } else {\n this.send_message('toolbar_button', { name: name });\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onmouseover = function (tooltip) {\n this.message.textContent = tooltip;\n};\n\n///////////////// REMAINING CONTENT GENERATED BY embed_js.py /////////////////\n// prettier-ignore\nvar _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER=function(A){var t,i=new WeakMap,n=new WeakMap,a=new WeakMap,r=new WeakMap,o=new Set;function s(e){if(!(this instanceof s))throw new TypeError(\"Constructor requires 'new' operator\");i.set(this,e)}function h(){throw new TypeError(\"Function is not a constructor\")}function c(e,t,i,n){e=0 in arguments?Number(arguments[0]):0,t=1 in arguments?Number(arguments[1]):0,i=2 in arguments?Number(arguments[2]):0,n=3 in arguments?Number(arguments[3]):0,this.right=(this.x=this.left=e)+(this.width=i),this.bottom=(this.y=this.top=t)+(this.height=n),Object.freeze(this)}function d(){t=requestAnimationFrame(d);var s=new WeakMap,p=new Set;o.forEach((function(t){r.get(t).forEach((function(i){var r=t instanceof window.SVGElement,o=a.get(t),d=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingTop),f=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingRight),l=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingBottom),u=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingLeft),g=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderTopWidth),m=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderRightWidth),w=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderBottomWidth),b=u+f,F=d+l,v=(r?0:parseFloat(o.borderLeftWidth))+m,W=g+w,y=r?0:t.offsetHeight-W-t.clientHeight,E=r?0:t.offsetWidth-v-t.clientWidth,R=b+v,z=F+W,M=r?t.width:parseFloat(o.width)-R-E,O=r?t.height:parseFloat(o.height)-z-y;if(n.has(t)){var k=n.get(t);if(k[0]===M&&k[1]===O)return}n.set(t,[M,O]);var S=Object.create(h.prototype);S.target=t,S.contentRect=new c(u,d,M,O),s.has(i)||(s.set(i,[]),p.add(i)),s.get(i).push(S)}))})),p.forEach((function(e){i.get(e).call(e,s.get(e),e)}))}return s.prototype.observe=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element){r.has(i)||(r.set(i,new Set),o.add(i),a.set(i,window.getComputedStyle(i)));var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)||n.add(this),cancelAnimationFrame(t),t=requestAnimationFrame(d)}},s.prototype.unobserve=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element&&r.has(i)){var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)&&(n.delete(this),n.size||(r.delete(i),o.delete(i))),n.size||r.delete(i),o.size||cancelAnimationFrame(t)}},A.DOMRectReadOnly=c,A.ResizeObserver=s,A.ResizeObserverEntry=h,A}; // eslint-disable-line\nmpl.toolbar_items = [[\"Home\", \"Reset original view\", \"fa fa-home icon-home\", \"home\"], [\"Back\", \"Back to previous view\", \"fa fa-arrow-left icon-arrow-left\", \"back\"], [\"Forward\", \"Forward to next view\", \"fa fa-arrow-right icon-arrow-right\", \"forward\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Pan\", \"Left button pans, Right button zooms\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-arrows icon-move\", \"pan\"], [\"Zoom\", \"Zoom to rectangle\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-square-o icon-check-empty\", \"zoom\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Download\", \"Download plot\", \"fa fa-floppy-o icon-save\", \"download\"]];\n\nmpl.extensions = [\"eps\", \"jpeg\", \"pgf\", \"pdf\", \"png\", \"ps\", \"raw\", \"svg\", \"tif\"];\n\nmpl.default_extension = \"png\";/* global mpl */\n\nvar comm_websocket_adapter = function (comm) {\n // Create a \"websocket\"-like object which calls the given IPython comm\n // object with the appropriate methods. Currently this is a non binary\n // socket, so there is still some room for performance tuning.\n var ws = {};\n\n ws.binaryType = comm.kernel.ws.binaryType;\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n function updateReadyState(_event) {\n if (comm.kernel.ws) {\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n } else {\n ws.readyState = 3; // Closed state.\n }\n }\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('open', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('close', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('error', updateReadyState);\n\n ws.close = function () {\n comm.close();\n };\n ws.send = function (m) {\n //console.log('sending', m);\n comm.send(m);\n };\n // Register the callback with on_msg.\n comm.on_msg(function (msg) {\n //console.log('receiving', msg['content']['data'], msg);\n var data = msg['content']['data'];\n if (data['blob'] !== undefined) {\n data = {\n data: new Blob(msg['buffers'], { type: data['blob'] }),\n };\n }\n // Pass the mpl event to the overridden (by mpl) onmessage function.\n ws.onmessage(data);\n });\n return ws;\n};\n\nmpl.mpl_figure_comm = function (comm, msg) {\n // This is the function which gets called when the mpl process\n // starts-up an IPython Comm through the \"matplotlib\" channel.\n\n var id = msg.content.data.id;\n // Get hold of the div created by the display call when the Comm\n // socket was opened in Python.\n var element = document.getElementById(id);\n var ws_proxy = comm_websocket_adapter(comm);\n\n function ondownload(figure, _format) {\n window.open(figure.canvas.toDataURL());\n }\n\n var fig = new mpl.figure(id, ws_proxy, ondownload, element);\n\n // Call onopen now - mpl needs it, as it is assuming we've passed it a real\n // web socket which is closed, not our websocket->open comm proxy.\n ws_proxy.onopen();\n\n fig.parent_element = element;\n fig.cell_info = mpl.find_output_cell(\"
\");\n if (!fig.cell_info) {\n console.error('Failed to find cell for figure', id, fig);\n return;\n }\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.on(\n 'cleared',\n { fig: fig },\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_close = function (fig, msg) {\n var width = fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio;\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.off(\n 'cleared',\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n fig.resizeObserverInstance.unobserve(fig.canvas_div);\n\n // Update the output cell to use the data from the current canvas.\n fig.push_to_output();\n var dataURL = fig.canvas.toDataURL();\n // Re-enable the keyboard manager in IPython - without this line, in FF,\n // the notebook keyboard shortcuts fail.\n IPython.keyboard_manager.enable();\n fig.parent_element.innerHTML =\n '';\n fig.close_ws(fig, msg);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.close_ws = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.send_message('closing', msg);\n // fig.ws.close()\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.push_to_output = function (_remove_interactive) {\n // Turn the data on the canvas into data in the output cell.\n var width = this.canvas.width / this.ratio;\n var dataURL = this.canvas.toDataURL();\n this.cell_info[1]['text/html'] =\n '';\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Tell IPython that the notebook contents must change.\n IPython.notebook.set_dirty(true);\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n var fig = this;\n // Wait a second, then push the new image to the DOM so\n // that it is saved nicely (might be nice to debounce this).\n setTimeout(function () {\n fig.push_to_output();\n }, 1000);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'btn-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n var button;\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n button = fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-default';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = name;\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n // Add the status bar.\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message pull-right';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n\n // Add the close button to the window.\n var buttongrp = document.createElement('div');\n buttongrp.classList = 'btn-group inline pull-right';\n button = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-mini btn-primary';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = 'Stop Interaction';\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', function (_evt) {\n fig.handle_close(fig, {});\n });\n button.addEventListener(\n 'mouseover',\n on_mouseover_closure('Stop Interaction')\n );\n buttongrp.appendChild(button);\n var titlebar = this.root.querySelector('.ui-dialog-titlebar');\n titlebar.insertBefore(buttongrp, titlebar.firstChild);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._remove_fig_handler = function (event) {\n var fig = event.data.fig;\n if (event.target !== this) {\n // Ignore bubbled events from children.\n return;\n }\n fig.close_ws(fig, {});\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (el) {\n el.style.boxSizing = 'content-box'; // override notebook setting of border-box.\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (el) {\n // this is important to make the div 'focusable\n el.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);\n // reach out to IPython and tell the keyboard manager to turn it's self\n // off when our div gets focus\n\n // location in version 3\n if (IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager) {\n IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n } else {\n // location in version 2\n IPython.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (event, _name) {\n var manager = IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager;\n if (!manager) {\n manager = IPython.keyboard_manager;\n }\n\n // Check for shift+enter\n if (event.shiftKey && event.which === 13) {\n this.canvas_div.blur();\n // select the cell after this one\n var index = IPython.notebook.find_cell_index(this.cell_info[0]);\n IPython.notebook.select(index + 1);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n fig.ondownload(fig, null);\n};\n\nmpl.find_output_cell = function (html_output) {\n // Return the cell and output element which can be found *uniquely* in the notebook.\n // Note - this is a bit hacky, but it is done because the \"notebook_saving.Notebook\"\n // IPython event is triggered only after the cells have been serialised, which for\n // our purposes (turning an active figure into a static one), is too late.\n var cells = IPython.notebook.get_cells();\n var ncells = cells.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < ncells; i++) {\n var cell = cells[i];\n if (cell.cell_type === 'code') {\n for (var j = 0; j < cell.output_area.outputs.length; j++) {\n var data = cell.output_area.outputs[j];\n if (data.data) {\n // IPython >= 3 moved mimebundle to data attribute of output\n data = data.data;\n }\n if (data['text/html'] === html_output) {\n return [cell, data, j];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Register the function which deals with the matplotlib target/channel.\n// The kernel may be null if the page has been refreshed.\nif (IPython.notebook.kernel !== null) {\n IPython.notebook.kernel.comm_manager.register_target(\n 'matplotlib',\n mpl.mpl_figure_comm\n );\n}\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "11517e18f4714961a1210544b2786fe5", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "interactive(children=(IntSlider(value=0, description='Training Iteration', layout=Layout(width='100%'), max=13…" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Plot transfer function over training\n", "fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4)) = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(9, 6))\n", "ws = 2 * math.pi * 10 ** torch.linspace(0, 6, 1000)\n", "subsample = int(dataset_size / 100)\n", "train_data_mask = train_data_band_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_band_bin[0][::subsample][train_data_mask] / (2 * math.pi), np.ones(train_data_mask.sum()), c=\"r\", marker=\"x\")\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_band_bin[0][::subsample][~train_data_mask] / (2 * math.pi), np.zeros((~train_data_mask).sum()), c=\"k\", marker=\"x\")\n", "learned_tf, = ax1.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), evaluate_bp_circuit(ws, *R_values_band_bin[0]), linewidth=3)\n", "ax1.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax1.set_title(\"Transfer Function\")\n", "ax1.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax1.set_ylabel(\"Magnitude\")\n", "ax1.legend([\"Learned TF\", \"TF + Samples\", \"TF - Samples\"])\n", "\n", "# Show loss surfaces for BCE and MSE Loss\n", "eval_pts = torch.stack(torch.meshgrid((torch.arange(0, 1000, 10), torch.arange(0, 1000, 10)), indexing=\"ij\"))\n", "eval_vals = evaluate_bp_circuit(train_data_band_bin[0][:, None, None], eval_pts[0][None, ...], eval_pts[1][None, ...])\n", "loss_surface = loss_fn(eval_vals, (train_data_band_bin[1][..., None, None].expand(eval_vals.shape) > cutoff_mag).float())\n", "loss_surf = ax2.imshow(torch.log(loss_surface.mean(0)).T, cmap=plt.cm.jet, extent=(0, 1000, 0, 1000), aspect=\"auto\", origin=\"lower\")\n", "cur_loss, = ax2.plot(*R_values_band_bin[0], marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_loss_label = ax2.annotate(f\"R_low = {R_values_band_bin[0][0]:.0f}\\nR_high = {R_values_band_bin[0][1]:.0f}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.6, 0.85), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax2.set_title(\"Loss Surface\")\n", "ax2.set_xlabel(\"$R_\\mathrm{low} \\; (\\Omega)$\")\n", "ax2.set_ylabel(\"$R_\\mathrm{high} \\; (\\Omega)$\")\n", "fig.colorbar(loss_surf, ax=ax2, label=\"log(loss)\")\n", "\n", "# Show loss contributions of each data point\n", "cur_circuit = BandPassCircuit(*R_values_band_bin[0])\n", "data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_band_bin[0][::subsample]), (train_data_band_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag).float())\n", "data_grads = torch.zeros((len(data_losses), 2))\n", "for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.tensor(torch.autograd.grad(dl, (cur_circuit.R_low, cur_circuit.R_high), retain_graph=True))\n", "data_grads_scat1 = ax3.scatter(train_data_band_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads[:, 0], marker=\"x\")\n", "data_grads_scat2 = ax3.scatter(train_data_band_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads[:, 1], marker=\"x\")\n", "ax3.set_xscale(\"log\")\n", "ax3.set_ylabel(\"Derivative\")\n", "ax3.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax3.set_ylim([-2e-3, 2e-3])\n", "ax3.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax3.set_title(\"Derivative by Training Datapoint\")\n", "ax3.legend([\"$R_\\mathrm{low}$ Derivatives\", \"$R_\\mathrm{high}$ Derivatives\"])\n", "\n", "# Show gradient at each training iteration\n", "ax4.plot(np.arange(len(grad_values_band_bin)), grad_values_band_bin, linewidth=3)\n", "cur_grad0, = ax4.plot(0, grad_values_band_bin[0][0], marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_grad1, = ax4.plot(0, grad_values_band_bin[0][1], marker=\"o\")\n", "ax4.set_xlabel(\"Training Iteration\")\n", "ax4.set_ylabel(\"Gradient\")\n", "ax4.set_title(\"Gradients\")\n", "ax4.set_xlim([-1, len(grad_values_band_bin)])\n", "ax4.legend([\"$R_\\mathrm{low}$ Grad\", \"$R_\\mathrm{high}$ Grad\"])\n", "\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "\n", "# Main update function for interactive plots\n", "def update_iter_band_bin(t=0):\n", " mags = evaluate_bp_circuit(ws, *R_values_band_bin[t])\n", " learned_tf.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), mags)\n", " cur_loss.set_data(*R_values_band_bin[t])\n", " cur_loss_label.set_text(f\"R_low = {R_values_band_bin[t][0]:.0f}\\nR_high = {R_values_band_bin[t][1]:.0f}\")\n", " cur_grad0.set_data(t, grad_values_band_bin[t][0])\n", " cur_grad1.set_data(t, grad_values_band_bin[t][1])\n", " cur_circuit = BandPassCircuit(*R_values_band_bin[t])\n", " data_losses = loss_fn(cur_circuit(train_data_band_bin[0][::subsample]), (train_data_band_bin[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag).float())\n", " data_grads = torch.zeros((len(data_losses), 2))\n", " for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.tensor(torch.autograd.grad(dl, (cur_circuit.R_low, cur_circuit.R_high), retain_graph=True))\n", " data_grads_scat1.set_offsets(torch.stack((train_data_band_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads[:, 0])).T)\n", " data_grads_scat2.set_offsets(torch.stack((train_data_band_bin[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads[:, 1])).T)\n", " fig.canvas.draw_idle()\n", " \n", "# Include sliders for relevant quantities\n", "ip = interactive(update_iter_band_bin, \n", " t=widgets.IntSlider(value=0, min=0, max=len(R_values_band_bin) - 1, step=1, description=\"Training Iteration\", style={'description_width': 'initial'}, layout=Layout(width='100%')))\n", "ip" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "18acd86a", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## (h) Learning a Band Pass Filter Bode Plot from Transfer Function Samples" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 20, "id": "0e7a1ef2", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def evaluate_bp_bode(freqs, low_cutoff, high_cutoff):\n", " return -20 * nn.ReLU()(torch.log10(freqs / low_cutoff)) + -20 * nn.ReLU()(torch.log10(high_cutoff / freqs))\n", "\n", "# PyTorch model of the band pass bode plot\n", "class BandPassBodePlot(nn.Module):\n", " def __init__(self, low_cutoff=None, high_cutoff=None):\n", " super().__init__()\n", " self.low_cutoff = nn.Parameter(torch.rand(1) * 5000 if low_cutoff is None else torch.tensor(float(low_cutoff)))\n", " self.high_cutoff = nn.Parameter(torch.rand(1) * 5000 if high_cutoff is None else torch.tensor(float(high_cutoff)))\n", " \n", " def forward(self, freqs):\n", " return evaluate_bp_bode(freqs, self.low_cutoff, self.high_cutoff)\n", "\n", "# Train a given band pass bode plot\n", "def train_bp_bode(bode, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr):\n", " \n", " cutoff_values = [[float(bode.low_cutoff.data), float(bode.high_cutoff.data)]]\n", " grad_values = [[np.nan, np.nan]]\n", " train_data = generate_bp_training_data(dataset_size)\n", " print(f\"Initial Cutoff Values: f_c,l = {float(bode.low_cutoff.data / (2 * math.pi)):.0f} Hz, f_c,h = {float(bode.high_cutoff.data / (2 * math.pi)):.0f} Hz\")\n", " iter_bar = tqdm.trange(max_training_steps, desc=\"Training Iter\")\n", " for i in iter_bar:\n", " \n", " pred = bode(train_data[0])\n", " loss = loss_fn(pred, 20 * torch.log10(train_data[1])).mean()\n", " grad = torch.autograd.grad(loss, (bode.low_cutoff, bode.high_cutoff))\n", " with torch.no_grad():\n", " bode.low_cutoff -= lr * grad[0]\n", " bode.high_cutoff -= lr * grad[1]\n", " \n", " cutoff_values.append([float(bode.low_cutoff.data), float(bode.high_cutoff.data)])\n", " grad_values.append([float(grad[0].data), float(grad[1].data)])\n", " iter_bar.set_postfix_str(f\"Loss: {float(loss.data):.3f}, f_c,l = {float(bode.low_cutoff.data / (2 * math.pi)):.0f} Hz, f_c,h = {float(bode.high_cutoff.data / (2 * math.pi)):.0f} Hz\")\n", " if loss.data < 1e-6 or (abs(grad[0].data) < 1e-6 and abs(grad[1].data) < 1e-6):\n", " break\n", "\n", " print(f\"Final Cutoff Values: f_c,l = {float(bode.low_cutoff.data / (2 * math.pi)):.0f} Hz, f_c,h = {float(bode.high_cutoff.data / (2 * math.pi)):.0f} Hz\")\n", " return train_data, cutoff_values, grad_values" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 21, "id": "e74b7515", "metadata": { "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Initial Cutoff Values: f_c,l = 742 Hz, f_c,h = 410 Hz\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Training Iter: 66%|█████▎ | 66313/100000 [01:31<00:46, 722.62it/s, Loss: 0.866, f_c,l = 3837 Hz, f_c,h = 1029 Hz]" ] }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Final Cutoff Values: f_c,l = 3837 Hz, f_c,h = 1029 Hz\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "\n" ] } ], "source": [ "bode = BandPassBodePlot()\n", "loss_fn = lambda x, y: (x - y) ** 2 # MSE loss\n", "lr = 1000\n", "train_data_band_bode, cutoffs_band_bode, grad_values_band_bode = train_bp_bode(bode, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 22, "id": "c4352b63", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n/* global mpl */\nwindow.mpl = {};\n\nmpl.get_websocket_type = function () {\n if (typeof WebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return WebSocket;\n } else if (typeof MozWebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return MozWebSocket;\n } else {\n alert(\n 'Your browser does not have WebSocket support. ' +\n 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.'\n );\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure = function (figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n this.id = figure_id;\n\n this.ws = websocket;\n\n this.supports_binary = this.ws.binaryType !== undefined;\n\n if (!this.supports_binary) {\n var warnings = document.getElementById('mpl-warnings');\n if (warnings) {\n warnings.style.display = 'block';\n warnings.textContent =\n 'This browser does not support binary websocket messages. ' +\n 'Performance may be slow.';\n }\n }\n\n this.imageObj = new Image();\n\n this.context = undefined;\n this.message = undefined;\n this.canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n\n this.image_mode = 'full';\n\n this.root = document.createElement('div');\n this.root.setAttribute('style', 'display: inline-block');\n this._root_extra_style(this.root);\n\n parent_element.appendChild(this.root);\n\n this._init_header(this);\n this._init_canvas(this);\n this._init_toolbar(this);\n\n var fig = this;\n\n this.waiting = false;\n\n this.ws.onopen = function () {\n fig.send_message('supports_binary', { value: fig.supports_binary });\n fig.send_message('send_image_mode', {});\n if (fig.ratio !== 1) {\n fig.send_message('set_dpi_ratio', { dpi_ratio: fig.ratio });\n }\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onload = function () {\n if (fig.image_mode === 'full') {\n // Full images could contain transparency (where diff images\n // almost always do), so we need to clear the canvas so that\n // there is no ghosting.\n fig.context.clearRect(0, 0, fig.canvas.width, fig.canvas.height);\n }\n fig.context.drawImage(fig.imageObj, 0, 0);\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onunload = function () {\n fig.ws.close();\n };\n\n this.ws.onmessage = this._make_on_message_function(this);\n\n this.ondownload = ondownload;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_header = function () {\n var titlebar = document.createElement('div');\n titlebar.classList =\n 'ui-dialog-titlebar ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix';\n var titletext = document.createElement('div');\n titletext.classList = 'ui-dialog-title';\n titletext.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 3px;'\n );\n titlebar.appendChild(titletext);\n this.root.appendChild(titlebar);\n this.header = titletext;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (_canvas_div) {};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_canvas = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var canvas_div = (this.canvas_div = document.createElement('div'));\n canvas_div.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'border: 1px solid #ddd;' +\n 'box-sizing: content-box;' +\n 'clear: both;' +\n 'min-height: 1px;' +\n 'min-width: 1px;' +\n 'outline: 0;' +\n 'overflow: hidden;' +\n 'position: relative;' +\n 'resize: both;'\n );\n\n function on_keyboard_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.key_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keydown',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_press')\n );\n canvas_div.addEventListener(\n 'keyup',\n on_keyboard_event_closure('key_release')\n );\n\n this._canvas_extra_style(canvas_div);\n this.root.appendChild(canvas_div);\n\n var canvas = (this.canvas = document.createElement('canvas'));\n canvas.classList.add('mpl-canvas');\n canvas.setAttribute('style', 'box-sizing: content-box;');\n\n this.context = canvas.getContext('2d');\n\n var backingStore =\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.webkitBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.mozBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.msBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.oBackingStorePixelRatio ||\n this.context.backingStorePixelRatio ||\n 1;\n\n this.ratio = (window.devicePixelRatio || 1) / backingStore;\n\n var rubberband_canvas = (this.rubberband_canvas = document.createElement(\n 'canvas'\n ));\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'box-sizing: content-box; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1;'\n );\n\n // Apply a ponyfill if ResizeObserver is not implemented by browser.\n if (this.ResizeObserver === undefined) {\n if (window.ResizeObserver !== undefined) {\n this.ResizeObserver = window.ResizeObserver;\n } else {\n var obs = _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER({});\n this.ResizeObserver = obs.ResizeObserver;\n }\n }\n\n this.resizeObserverInstance = new this.ResizeObserver(function (entries) {\n var nentries = entries.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < nentries; i++) {\n var entry = entries[i];\n var width, height;\n if (entry.contentBoxSize) {\n if (entry.contentBoxSize instanceof Array) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;\n } else {\n // Firefox implements old version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize.inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize.blockSize;\n }\n } else {\n // Chrome <84 implements even older version of spec.\n width = entry.contentRect.width;\n height = entry.contentRect.height;\n }\n\n // Keep the size of the canvas and rubber band canvas in sync with\n // the canvas container.\n if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'width',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize\n );\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'height',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize\n );\n } else {\n canvas.setAttribute('width', width * fig.ratio);\n canvas.setAttribute('height', height * fig.ratio);\n }\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: ' + width + 'px; height: ' + height + 'px;'\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('width', width);\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('height', height);\n\n // And update the size in Python. We ignore the initial 0/0 size\n // that occurs as the element is placed into the DOM, which should\n // otherwise not happen due to the minimum size styling.\n if (fig.ws.readyState == 1 && width != 0 && height != 0) {\n fig.request_resize(width, height);\n }\n }\n });\n this.resizeObserverInstance.observe(canvas_div);\n\n function on_mouse_event_closure(name) {\n return function (event) {\n return fig.mouse_event(event, name);\n };\n }\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousedown',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_press')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseup',\n on_mouse_event_closure('button_release')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'dblclick',\n on_mouse_event_closure('dblclick')\n );\n // Throttle sequential mouse events to 1 every 20ms.\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mousemove',\n on_mouse_event_closure('motion_notify')\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseenter',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_enter')\n );\n rubberband_canvas.addEventListener(\n 'mouseleave',\n on_mouse_event_closure('figure_leave')\n );\n\n canvas_div.addEventListener('wheel', function (event) {\n if (event.deltaY < 0) {\n event.step = 1;\n } else {\n event.step = -1;\n }\n on_mouse_event_closure('scroll')(event);\n });\n\n canvas_div.appendChild(canvas);\n canvas_div.appendChild(rubberband_canvas);\n\n this.rubberband_context = rubberband_canvas.getContext('2d');\n this.rubberband_context.strokeStyle = '#000000';\n\n this._resize_canvas = function (width, height, forward) {\n if (forward) {\n canvas_div.style.width = width + 'px';\n canvas_div.style.height = height + 'px';\n }\n };\n\n // Disable right mouse context menu.\n this.rubberband_canvas.addEventListener('contextmenu', function (_e) {\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n });\n\n function set_focus() {\n canvas.focus();\n canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n window.setTimeout(set_focus, 100);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'mpl-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'mpl-button-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n var button = (fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button'));\n button.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n button.setAttribute('role', 'button');\n button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n\n var icon_img = document.createElement('img');\n icon_img.src = '_images/' + image + '.png';\n icon_img.srcset = '_images/' + image + '_large.png 2x';\n icon_img.alt = tooltip;\n button.appendChild(icon_img);\n\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n var fmt_picker = document.createElement('select');\n fmt_picker.classList = 'mpl-widget';\n toolbar.appendChild(fmt_picker);\n this.format_dropdown = fmt_picker;\n\n for (var ind in mpl.extensions) {\n var fmt = mpl.extensions[ind];\n var option = document.createElement('option');\n option.selected = fmt === mpl.default_extension;\n option.innerHTML = fmt;\n fmt_picker.appendChild(option);\n }\n\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.request_resize = function (x_pixels, y_pixels) {\n // Request matplotlib to resize the figure. Matplotlib will then trigger a resize in the client,\n // which will in turn request a refresh of the image.\n this.send_message('resize', { width: x_pixels, height: y_pixels });\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_message = function (type, properties) {\n properties['type'] = type;\n properties['figure_id'] = this.id;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(properties));\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_draw_message = function () {\n if (!this.waiting) {\n this.waiting = true;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'draw', figure_id: this.id }));\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n var format_dropdown = fig.format_dropdown;\n var format = format_dropdown.options[format_dropdown.selectedIndex].value;\n fig.ondownload(fig, format);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_resize = function (fig, msg) {\n var size = msg['size'];\n if (size[0] !== fig.canvas.width || size[1] !== fig.canvas.height) {\n fig._resize_canvas(size[0], size[1], msg['forward']);\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_rubberband = function (fig, msg) {\n var x0 = msg['x0'] / fig.ratio;\n var y0 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y0']) / fig.ratio;\n var x1 = msg['x1'] / fig.ratio;\n var y1 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y1']) / fig.ratio;\n x0 = Math.floor(x0) + 0.5;\n y0 = Math.floor(y0) + 0.5;\n x1 = Math.floor(x1) + 0.5;\n y1 = Math.floor(y1) + 0.5;\n var min_x = Math.min(x0, x1);\n var min_y = Math.min(y0, y1);\n var width = Math.abs(x1 - x0);\n var height = Math.abs(y1 - y0);\n\n fig.rubberband_context.clearRect(\n 0,\n 0,\n fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio,\n fig.canvas.height / fig.ratio\n );\n\n fig.rubberband_context.strokeRect(min_x, min_y, width, height);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_figure_label = function (fig, msg) {\n // Updates the figure title.\n fig.header.textContent = msg['label'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_cursor = function (fig, msg) {\n var cursor = msg['cursor'];\n switch (cursor) {\n case 0:\n cursor = 'pointer';\n break;\n case 1:\n cursor = 'default';\n break;\n case 2:\n cursor = 'crosshair';\n break;\n case 3:\n cursor = 'move';\n break;\n }\n fig.rubberband_canvas.style.cursor = cursor;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_message = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.message.textContent = msg['message'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_draw = function (fig, _msg) {\n // Request the server to send over a new figure.\n fig.send_draw_message();\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_image_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.image_mode = msg['mode'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_history_buttons = function (fig, msg) {\n for (var key in msg) {\n if (!(key in fig.buttons)) {\n continue;\n }\n fig.buttons[key].disabled = !msg[key];\n fig.buttons[key].setAttribute('aria-disabled', !msg[key]);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_navigate_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n if (msg['mode'] === 'PAN') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.add('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n } else if (msg['mode'] === 'ZOOM') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.add('active');\n } else {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Called whenever the canvas gets updated.\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n};\n\n// A function to construct a web socket function for onmessage handling.\n// Called in the figure constructor.\nmpl.figure.prototype._make_on_message_function = function (fig) {\n return function socket_on_message(evt) {\n if (evt.data instanceof Blob) {\n var img = evt.data;\n if (img.type !== 'image/png') {\n /* FIXME: We get \"Resource interpreted as Image but\n * transferred with MIME type text/plain:\" errors on\n * Chrome. But how to set the MIME type? It doesn't seem\n * to be part of the websocket stream */\n img.type = 'image/png';\n }\n\n /* Free the memory for the previous frames */\n if (fig.imageObj.src) {\n (window.URL || window.webkitURL).revokeObjectURL(\n fig.imageObj.src\n );\n }\n\n fig.imageObj.src = (window.URL || window.webkitURL).createObjectURL(\n img\n );\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n } else if (\n typeof evt.data === 'string' &&\n evt.data.slice(0, 21) === 'data:image/png;base64'\n ) {\n fig.imageObj.src = evt.data;\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n }\n\n var msg = JSON.parse(evt.data);\n var msg_type = msg['type'];\n\n // Call the \"handle_{type}\" callback, which takes\n // the figure and JSON message as its only arguments.\n try {\n var callback = fig['handle_' + msg_type];\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"No handler for the '\" + msg_type + \"' message type: \",\n msg\n );\n return;\n }\n\n if (callback) {\n try {\n // console.log(\"Handling '\" + msg_type + \"' message: \", msg);\n callback(fig, msg);\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"Exception inside the 'handler_\" + msg_type + \"' callback:\",\n e,\n e.stack,\n msg\n );\n }\n }\n };\n};\n\n// from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1114465/getting-mouse-location-in-canvas\nmpl.findpos = function (e) {\n //this section is from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html\n var targ;\n if (!e) {\n e = window.event;\n }\n if (e.target) {\n targ = e.target;\n } else if (e.srcElement) {\n targ = e.srcElement;\n }\n if (targ.nodeType === 3) {\n // defeat Safari bug\n targ = targ.parentNode;\n }\n\n // pageX,Y are the mouse positions relative to the document\n var boundingRect = targ.getBoundingClientRect();\n var x = e.pageX - (boundingRect.left + document.body.scrollLeft);\n var y = e.pageY - (boundingRect.top + document.body.scrollTop);\n\n return { x: x, y: y };\n};\n\n/*\n * return a copy of an object with only non-object keys\n * we need this to avoid circular references\n * http://stackoverflow.com/a/24161582/3208463\n */\nfunction simpleKeys(original) {\n return Object.keys(original).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n if (typeof original[key] !== 'object') {\n obj[key] = original[key];\n }\n return obj;\n }, {});\n}\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.mouse_event = function (event, name) {\n var canvas_pos = mpl.findpos(event);\n\n if (name === 'button_press') {\n this.canvas.focus();\n this.canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n var x = canvas_pos.x * this.ratio;\n var y = canvas_pos.y * this.ratio;\n\n this.send_message(name, {\n x: x,\n y: y,\n button: event.button,\n step: event.step,\n guiEvent: simpleKeys(event),\n });\n\n /* This prevents the web browser from automatically changing to\n * the text insertion cursor when the button is pressed. We want\n * to control all of the cursor setting manually through the\n * 'cursor' event from matplotlib */\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (_event, _name) {\n // Handle any extra behaviour associated with a key event\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.key_event = function (event, name) {\n // Prevent repeat events\n if (name === 'key_press') {\n if (event.key === this._key) {\n return;\n } else {\n this._key = event.key;\n }\n }\n if (name === 'key_release') {\n this._key = null;\n }\n\n var value = '';\n if (event.ctrlKey && event.key !== 'Control') {\n value += 'ctrl+';\n }\n else if (event.altKey && event.key !== 'Alt') {\n value += 'alt+';\n }\n else if (event.shiftKey && event.key !== 'Shift') {\n value += 'shift+';\n }\n\n value += 'k' + event.key;\n\n this._key_event_extra(event, name);\n\n this.send_message(name, { key: value, guiEvent: simpleKeys(event) });\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onclick = function (name) {\n if (name === 'download') {\n this.handle_save(this, null);\n } else {\n this.send_message('toolbar_button', { name: name });\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onmouseover = function (tooltip) {\n this.message.textContent = tooltip;\n};\n\n///////////////// REMAINING CONTENT GENERATED BY embed_js.py /////////////////\n// prettier-ignore\nvar _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER=function(A){var t,i=new WeakMap,n=new WeakMap,a=new WeakMap,r=new WeakMap,o=new Set;function s(e){if(!(this instanceof s))throw new TypeError(\"Constructor requires 'new' operator\");i.set(this,e)}function h(){throw new TypeError(\"Function is not a constructor\")}function c(e,t,i,n){e=0 in arguments?Number(arguments[0]):0,t=1 in arguments?Number(arguments[1]):0,i=2 in arguments?Number(arguments[2]):0,n=3 in arguments?Number(arguments[3]):0,this.right=(this.x=this.left=e)+(this.width=i),this.bottom=(this.y=this.top=t)+(this.height=n),Object.freeze(this)}function d(){t=requestAnimationFrame(d);var s=new WeakMap,p=new Set;o.forEach((function(t){r.get(t).forEach((function(i){var r=t instanceof window.SVGElement,o=a.get(t),d=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingTop),f=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingRight),l=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingBottom),u=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingLeft),g=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderTopWidth),m=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderRightWidth),w=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderBottomWidth),b=u+f,F=d+l,v=(r?0:parseFloat(o.borderLeftWidth))+m,W=g+w,y=r?0:t.offsetHeight-W-t.clientHeight,E=r?0:t.offsetWidth-v-t.clientWidth,R=b+v,z=F+W,M=r?t.width:parseFloat(o.width)-R-E,O=r?t.height:parseFloat(o.height)-z-y;if(n.has(t)){var k=n.get(t);if(k[0]===M&&k[1]===O)return}n.set(t,[M,O]);var S=Object.create(h.prototype);S.target=t,S.contentRect=new c(u,d,M,O),s.has(i)||(s.set(i,[]),p.add(i)),s.get(i).push(S)}))})),p.forEach((function(e){i.get(e).call(e,s.get(e),e)}))}return s.prototype.observe=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element){r.has(i)||(r.set(i,new Set),o.add(i),a.set(i,window.getComputedStyle(i)));var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)||n.add(this),cancelAnimationFrame(t),t=requestAnimationFrame(d)}},s.prototype.unobserve=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element&&r.has(i)){var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)&&(n.delete(this),n.size||(r.delete(i),o.delete(i))),n.size||r.delete(i),o.size||cancelAnimationFrame(t)}},A.DOMRectReadOnly=c,A.ResizeObserver=s,A.ResizeObserverEntry=h,A}; // eslint-disable-line\nmpl.toolbar_items = [[\"Home\", \"Reset original view\", \"fa fa-home icon-home\", \"home\"], [\"Back\", \"Back to previous view\", \"fa fa-arrow-left icon-arrow-left\", \"back\"], [\"Forward\", \"Forward to next view\", \"fa fa-arrow-right icon-arrow-right\", \"forward\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Pan\", \"Left button pans, Right button zooms\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-arrows icon-move\", \"pan\"], [\"Zoom\", \"Zoom to rectangle\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-square-o icon-check-empty\", \"zoom\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Download\", \"Download plot\", \"fa fa-floppy-o icon-save\", \"download\"]];\n\nmpl.extensions = [\"eps\", \"jpeg\", \"pgf\", \"pdf\", \"png\", \"ps\", \"raw\", \"svg\", \"tif\"];\n\nmpl.default_extension = \"png\";/* global mpl */\n\nvar comm_websocket_adapter = function (comm) {\n // Create a \"websocket\"-like object which calls the given IPython comm\n // object with the appropriate methods. Currently this is a non binary\n // socket, so there is still some room for performance tuning.\n var ws = {};\n\n ws.binaryType = comm.kernel.ws.binaryType;\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n function updateReadyState(_event) {\n if (comm.kernel.ws) {\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n } else {\n ws.readyState = 3; // Closed state.\n }\n }\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('open', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('close', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('error', updateReadyState);\n\n ws.close = function () {\n comm.close();\n };\n ws.send = function (m) {\n //console.log('sending', m);\n comm.send(m);\n };\n // Register the callback with on_msg.\n comm.on_msg(function (msg) {\n //console.log('receiving', msg['content']['data'], msg);\n var data = msg['content']['data'];\n if (data['blob'] !== undefined) {\n data = {\n data: new Blob(msg['buffers'], { type: data['blob'] }),\n };\n }\n // Pass the mpl event to the overridden (by mpl) onmessage function.\n ws.onmessage(data);\n });\n return ws;\n};\n\nmpl.mpl_figure_comm = function (comm, msg) {\n // This is the function which gets called when the mpl process\n // starts-up an IPython Comm through the \"matplotlib\" channel.\n\n var id = msg.content.data.id;\n // Get hold of the div created by the display call when the Comm\n // socket was opened in Python.\n var element = document.getElementById(id);\n var ws_proxy = comm_websocket_adapter(comm);\n\n function ondownload(figure, _format) {\n window.open(figure.canvas.toDataURL());\n }\n\n var fig = new mpl.figure(id, ws_proxy, ondownload, element);\n\n // Call onopen now - mpl needs it, as it is assuming we've passed it a real\n // web socket which is closed, not our websocket->open comm proxy.\n ws_proxy.onopen();\n\n fig.parent_element = element;\n fig.cell_info = mpl.find_output_cell(\"
\");\n if (!fig.cell_info) {\n console.error('Failed to find cell for figure', id, fig);\n return;\n }\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.on(\n 'cleared',\n { fig: fig },\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_close = function (fig, msg) {\n var width = fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio;\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.off(\n 'cleared',\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n fig.resizeObserverInstance.unobserve(fig.canvas_div);\n\n // Update the output cell to use the data from the current canvas.\n fig.push_to_output();\n var dataURL = fig.canvas.toDataURL();\n // Re-enable the keyboard manager in IPython - without this line, in FF,\n // the notebook keyboard shortcuts fail.\n IPython.keyboard_manager.enable();\n fig.parent_element.innerHTML =\n '';\n fig.close_ws(fig, msg);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.close_ws = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.send_message('closing', msg);\n // fig.ws.close()\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.push_to_output = function (_remove_interactive) {\n // Turn the data on the canvas into data in the output cell.\n var width = this.canvas.width / this.ratio;\n var dataURL = this.canvas.toDataURL();\n this.cell_info[1]['text/html'] =\n '';\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Tell IPython that the notebook contents must change.\n IPython.notebook.set_dirty(true);\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n var fig = this;\n // Wait a second, then push the new image to the DOM so\n // that it is saved nicely (might be nice to debounce this).\n setTimeout(function () {\n fig.push_to_output();\n }, 1000);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'btn-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n var button;\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n button = fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-default';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = name;\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n // Add the status bar.\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message pull-right';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n\n // Add the close button to the window.\n var buttongrp = document.createElement('div');\n buttongrp.classList = 'btn-group inline pull-right';\n button = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-mini btn-primary';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = 'Stop Interaction';\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', function (_evt) {\n fig.handle_close(fig, {});\n });\n button.addEventListener(\n 'mouseover',\n on_mouseover_closure('Stop Interaction')\n );\n buttongrp.appendChild(button);\n var titlebar = this.root.querySelector('.ui-dialog-titlebar');\n titlebar.insertBefore(buttongrp, titlebar.firstChild);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._remove_fig_handler = function (event) {\n var fig = event.data.fig;\n if (event.target !== this) {\n // Ignore bubbled events from children.\n return;\n }\n fig.close_ws(fig, {});\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (el) {\n el.style.boxSizing = 'content-box'; // override notebook setting of border-box.\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (el) {\n // this is important to make the div 'focusable\n el.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);\n // reach out to IPython and tell the keyboard manager to turn it's self\n // off when our div gets focus\n\n // location in version 3\n if (IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager) {\n IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n } else {\n // location in version 2\n IPython.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (event, _name) {\n var manager = IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager;\n if (!manager) {\n manager = IPython.keyboard_manager;\n }\n\n // Check for shift+enter\n if (event.shiftKey && event.which === 13) {\n this.canvas_div.blur();\n // select the cell after this one\n var index = IPython.notebook.find_cell_index(this.cell_info[0]);\n IPython.notebook.select(index + 1);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n fig.ondownload(fig, null);\n};\n\nmpl.find_output_cell = function (html_output) {\n // Return the cell and output element which can be found *uniquely* in the notebook.\n // Note - this is a bit hacky, but it is done because the \"notebook_saving.Notebook\"\n // IPython event is triggered only after the cells have been serialised, which for\n // our purposes (turning an active figure into a static one), is too late.\n var cells = IPython.notebook.get_cells();\n var ncells = cells.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < ncells; i++) {\n var cell = cells[i];\n if (cell.cell_type === 'code') {\n for (var j = 0; j < cell.output_area.outputs.length; j++) {\n var data = cell.output_area.outputs[j];\n if (data.data) {\n // IPython >= 3 moved mimebundle to data attribute of output\n data = data.data;\n }\n if (data['text/html'] === html_output) {\n return [cell, data, j];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Register the function which deals with the matplotlib target/channel.\n// The kernel may be null if the page has been refreshed.\nif (IPython.notebook.kernel !== null) {\n IPython.notebook.kernel.comm_manager.register_target(\n 'matplotlib',\n mpl.mpl_figure_comm\n );\n}\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "fb60cc86aff6482aa7127c05a44988e4", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "interactive(children=(IntSlider(value=0, description='Training Iteration', layout=Layout(width='100%'), max=66…" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Plot transfer function over training\n", "fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4)) = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(9, 6))\n", "ws = 2 * math.pi * 10 ** torch.linspace(0, 6, 1000)\n", "subsample = int(dataset_size / 100)\n", "train_data_mask = train_data_band_bode[1][::subsample] > cutoff_mag\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_band_bode[0][::subsample]/ (2 * math.pi), 20 * torch.log10(train_data_band_bode[1][::subsample]), c=\"k\", marker=\"x\")\n", "learned_tf, = ax1.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), evaluate_bp_bode(ws, *cutoffs_band_bode[0]), linewidth=3)\n", "ax1.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax1.set_title(\"Transfer Function\")\n", "ax1.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax1.set_ylabel(\"dB\")\n", "ax1.legend([\"Learned Bode Plot\", \"TF Samples\"])\n", "\n", "# Show loss surfaces for BCE and MSE Loss\n", "eval_pts = torch.stack(torch.meshgrid((torch.arange(1, 5001, 50), torch.arange(1, 5001, 50)), indexing=\"ij\"))\n", "eval_vals = evaluate_bp_bode(train_data_band_bode[0][:, None, None], 2 * math.pi * eval_pts[0][None, ...], 2 * math.pi * eval_pts[1][None, ...])\n", "loss_surface = loss_fn(eval_vals, 20 * torch.log10(train_data_band_bode[1])[..., None, None].expand(eval_vals.shape))\n", "loss_surf = ax2.imshow(torch.log(loss_surface.mean(0)).T, cmap=plt.cm.jet, extent=(1, 5000, 1, 5000), aspect=\"auto\", origin=\"lower\")\n", "cur_loss, = ax2.plot(cutoffs_band_bode[0][0] / (2 * math.pi), cutoffs_band_bode[0][1] / (2 * math.pi), marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_loss_label = ax2.annotate(f\"$f_{{c,l}}$ = {cutoffs_band_bode[0][0]:.0f}\\n$f_{{c,h}}$ = {cutoffs_band_bode[0][1]:.0f}\", (0, 0), xytext=(0.7, 0.82), textcoords='axes fraction')\n", "ax2.set_title(\"Loss Surface\")\n", "ax2.set_xlabel(\"$f_\\mathrm{c,low} \\; (Hz)$\")\n", "ax2.set_ylabel(\"$f_\\mathrm{c,high} \\; (Hz)$\")\n", "fig.colorbar(loss_surf, ax=ax2, label=\"log(loss)\")\n", "\n", "# Show loss contributions of each data point\n", "cur_bode = BandPassBodePlot(*cutoffs_band_bode[0])\n", "data_losses = loss_fn(cur_bode(train_data_band_bode[0][::subsample]), 20 * torch.log10(train_data_band_bode[1][::subsample]))\n", "data_grads = torch.zeros((len(data_losses), 2))\n", "for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.tensor(torch.autograd.grad(dl, (cur_bode.low_cutoff, cur_bode.high_cutoff), retain_graph=True))\n", "data_grads_scat1 = ax3.scatter(train_data_band_bode[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads[:, 0], marker=\"x\")\n", "data_grads_scat2 = ax3.scatter(train_data_band_bode[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads[:, 1], marker=\"x\")\n", "ax3.set_xscale(\"log\")\n", "ax3.set_ylabel(\"Derivative\")\n", "ax3.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax3.set_ylim([-5e-3, 5e-3])\n", "ax3.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax3.set_title(\"Derivative by Training Datapoint\")\n", "ax3.legend([\"$f_{c,l}$ Derivatives\", \"$f_{c,h}$ Derivatives\"])\n", "\n", "# Show gradient at each training iteration\n", "ax4.plot(np.arange(len(grad_values_band_bode)), grad_values_band_bode, linewidth=3)\n", "cur_grad0, = ax4.plot(0, grad_values_band_bode[0][0], marker=\"o\")\n", "cur_grad1, = ax4.plot(0, grad_values_band_bode[0][1], marker=\"o\")\n", "ax4.set_xlabel(\"Training Iteration\")\n", "ax4.set_ylabel(\"Gradient\")\n", "ax4.set_title(\"Gradients\")\n", "ax4.set_xlim([-1, len(grad_values_band_bode)])\n", "ax4.legend([\"$f_\\mathrm{c,l}$ Grad\", \"$f_\\mathrm{c,h}$ Grad\"])\n", "\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "\n", "# Main update function for interactive plots\n", "def update_iter_band_bode(t=0):\n", " learned_tf.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), evaluate_bp_bode(ws, *cutoffs_band_bode[t]))\n", " cur_loss.set_data(cutoffs_band_bode[t][0] / (2 * math.pi), cutoffs_band_bode[t][1] / (2 * math.pi))\n", " cur_loss_label.set_text(f\"$f_{{c,l}}$ = {cutoffs_band_bode[t][0] / (2 * math.pi):.0f}\\n$f_{{c,h}}$ = {cutoffs_band_bode[t][1] / (2 * math.pi):.0f}\")\n", " cur_grad0.set_data(t, grad_values_band_bode[t][0])\n", " cur_grad1.set_data(t, grad_values_band_bode[t][1])\n", " cur_bode = BandPassBodePlot(*cutoffs_band_bode[t])\n", " data_losses = loss_fn(cur_bode(train_data_band_bode[0][::subsample]), 20 * torch.log10(train_data_band_bode[1][::subsample]))\n", " data_grads = torch.zeros((len(data_losses), 2))\n", " for i, dl in enumerate(data_losses):\n", " data_grads[i] = torch.tensor(torch.autograd.grad(dl, (cur_bode.low_cutoff, cur_bode.high_cutoff), retain_graph=True))\n", " data_grads_scat1.set_offsets(torch.stack((train_data_band_bode[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads[:, 0])).T)\n", " data_grads_scat2.set_offsets(torch.stack((train_data_band_bode[0][::subsample] / (2 * math.pi), data_grads[:, 1])).T)\n", " fig.canvas.draw_idle()\n", " \n", "# Include sliders for relevant quantities\n", "ip = interactive(update_iter_band_bode, \n", " t=widgets.IntSlider(value=0, min=0, max=len(cutoffs_band_bode) - 1, step=1, description=\"Training Iteration\", style={'description_width': 'initial'}, layout=Layout(width='100%')))\n", "ip" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "09a08e57", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## (i) Learn a Color Organ Circuit" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 23, "id": "0fd16f07", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# PyTorch model of the color organ circuit\n", "class ColorOrganCircuit(nn.Module):\n", " def __init__(self, R_low=None, R_high=None, R_band_low=None, R_band_high=None):\n", " super().__init__()\n", " self.low = LowPassCircuit(R_low)\n", " self.high = HighPassCircuit(R_high)\n", " self.band = BandPassCircuit(R_band_low, R_band_high)\n", " \n", " def forward(self, freqs):\n", " return torch.stack((self.low(freqs), self.band(freqs), self.high(freqs)))\n", " \n", " \n", "# Generate training data in a uniform log scale of frequences, then evaluate using the true transfer function\n", "R_low_des = 1 / (2 * math.pi * 800 * cap_value)\n", "R_band_low_des = 1 / (2 * math.pi * 4000 * cap_value)\n", "R_band_high_des = 1 / (2 * math.pi * 1000 * cap_value)\n", "R_high_des = 1 / (2 * math.pi * 5000 * cap_value)\n", "def generate_co_training_data(n):\n", " rand_ws = 2 * math.pi * torch.pow(10, torch.rand(n) * 6)\n", " labels = torch.stack((evaluate_lp_circuit(rand_ws, R_low_des), evaluate_bp_circuit(rand_ws, R_band_low_des, R_band_high_des), evaluate_hp_circuit(rand_ws, R_high_des)))\n", " return rand_ws, labels\n", "\n", "# Train a given color organ circuit\n", "def train_co_circuit(circuit, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr):\n", " \n", " R_values = [[float(circuit.low.R.data), float(circuit.band.R_low.data), float(circuit.band.R_high.data), float(circuit.high.R.data)]]\n", " grad_values = [[np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]]\n", " train_data = generate_co_training_data(dataset_size)\n", " print(f\"Initial Resistor Values: LP: {float(circuit.low.R.data):.0f} Ohms, BP (Low): {float(circuit.band.R_low.data):.0f} Ohms, BP (High): {float(circuit.band.R_high.data):.0f} Ohms, HP: {float(circuit.high.R.data):.0f} Ohms\")\n", " \n", " iter_bar = tqdm.trange(max_training_steps, desc=\"Training Iter\")\n", " for i in iter_bar:\n", " pred = circuit(train_data[0])\n", " loss = loss_fn(pred, (train_data[1] > cutoff_mag).float()).mean()\n", " grad = torch.autograd.grad(loss, (circuit.low.R, circuit.band.R_low, circuit.band.R_high, circuit.high.R))\n", " with torch.no_grad():\n", " circuit.low.R -= lr * grad[0]\n", " circuit.band.R_low -= lr * grad[1]\n", " circuit.band.R_high -= lr * grad[2]\n", " circuit.high.R -= lr * grad[3]\n", " \n", " R_values.append([float(circuit.low.R.data), float(circuit.band.R_low.data), float(circuit.band.R_high.data), float(circuit.high.R.data)])\n", " grad_values.append([float(grad[0].data), float(grad[1].data), float(grad[2].data), float(grad[3].data)])\n", " iter_bar.set_postfix_str(f\"Loss: {float(loss.data):.3f}, Rs = {float(circuit.low.R.data):.0f}, {float(circuit.band.R_low.data):.0f}, {float(circuit.band.R_high.data):.0f}, {float(circuit.high.R.data):.0f}\")\n", " if loss.data < 1e-6 or (abs(grad[0].data) < 1e-6 and abs(grad[1].data) < 1e-6):\n", " break\n", "\n", " print(f\"Final Resistor Values: LP: {float(circuit.low.R.data):.0f} Ohms, BP (Low): {float(circuit.band.R_low.data):.0f} Ohms, BP (High): {float(circuit.band.R_high.data):.0f} Ohms, HP: {float(circuit.high.R.data):.0f} Ohms\")\n", " print(f\"Final Cutoff Frequencies: LP: {1 / (2 * math.pi * cap_value * float(circuit.low.R.data)):.0f} Hz, BP (Low): {1 / (2 * math.pi * cap_value * float(circuit.band.R_low.data)):.0f} Hz, BP (High): {1 / (2 * math.pi * cap_value * float(circuit.band.R_high.data)):.0f} Hz, HP: {1 / (2 * math.pi * cap_value * float(circuit.high.R.data)):.0f} Hz\")\n", " return train_data, R_values, grad_values" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 24, "id": "4b7ffa2b", "metadata": { "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Initial Resistor Values: LP: 200 Ohms, BP (Low): 200 Ohms, BP (High): 200 Ohms, HP: 200 Ohms\n" ] }, { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Training Iter: 5%|█ | 5100/100000 [00:08<02:45, 574.57it/s, Loss: 0.047, Rs = 188, 42, 180, 31]\n" ] }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Final Resistor Values: LP: 188 Ohms, BP (Low): 42 Ohms, BP (High): 180 Ohms, HP: 31 Ohms\n", "Final Cutoff Frequencies: LP: 848 Hz, BP (Low): 3781 Hz, BP (High): 884 Hz, HP: 5092 Hz\n" ] } ], "source": [ "co = ColorOrganCircuit(200, 200, 200, 200)\n", "loss_fn = lambda x, y: (x - (0.3 + 0.7 * y)) ** 2 # weighted MSE loss\n", "lr = 1000\n", "train_data_co, R_values_co, grad_values_co = train_co_circuit(co, loss_fn, dataset_size, max_training_steps, lr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 25, "id": "f512ce10", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n/* global mpl */\nwindow.mpl = {};\n\nmpl.get_websocket_type = function () {\n if (typeof WebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return WebSocket;\n } else if (typeof MozWebSocket !== 'undefined') {\n return MozWebSocket;\n } else {\n alert(\n 'Your browser does not have WebSocket support. ' +\n 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.'\n );\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure = function (figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n this.id = figure_id;\n\n this.ws = websocket;\n\n this.supports_binary = this.ws.binaryType !== undefined;\n\n if (!this.supports_binary) {\n var warnings = document.getElementById('mpl-warnings');\n if (warnings) {\n warnings.style.display = 'block';\n warnings.textContent =\n 'This browser does not support binary websocket messages. ' +\n 'Performance may be slow.';\n }\n }\n\n this.imageObj = new Image();\n\n this.context = undefined;\n this.message = undefined;\n this.canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n\n this.image_mode = 'full';\n\n this.root = document.createElement('div');\n this.root.setAttribute('style', 'display: inline-block');\n this._root_extra_style(this.root);\n\n parent_element.appendChild(this.root);\n\n this._init_header(this);\n this._init_canvas(this);\n this._init_toolbar(this);\n\n var fig = this;\n\n this.waiting = false;\n\n this.ws.onopen = function () {\n fig.send_message('supports_binary', { value: fig.supports_binary });\n fig.send_message('send_image_mode', {});\n if (fig.ratio !== 1) {\n fig.send_message('set_dpi_ratio', { dpi_ratio: fig.ratio });\n }\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onload = function () {\n if (fig.image_mode === 'full') {\n // Full images could contain transparency (where diff images\n // almost always do), so we need to clear the canvas so that\n // there is no ghosting.\n fig.context.clearRect(0, 0, fig.canvas.width, fig.canvas.height);\n }\n fig.context.drawImage(fig.imageObj, 0, 0);\n };\n\n this.imageObj.onunload = function () {\n fig.ws.close();\n };\n\n this.ws.onmessage = this._make_on_message_function(this);\n\n this.ondownload = ondownload;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_header = function () {\n var titlebar = document.createElement('div');\n titlebar.classList =\n 'ui-dialog-titlebar ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix';\n var titletext = document.createElement('div');\n titletext.classList = 'ui-dialog-title';\n titletext.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: 100%; 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position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1;'\n );\n\n // Apply a ponyfill if ResizeObserver is not implemented by browser.\n if (this.ResizeObserver === undefined) {\n if (window.ResizeObserver !== undefined) {\n this.ResizeObserver = window.ResizeObserver;\n } else {\n var obs = _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER({});\n this.ResizeObserver = obs.ResizeObserver;\n }\n }\n\n this.resizeObserverInstance = new this.ResizeObserver(function (entries) {\n var nentries = entries.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < nentries; i++) {\n var entry = entries[i];\n var width, height;\n if (entry.contentBoxSize) {\n if (entry.contentBoxSize instanceof Array) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;\n } else {\n // Firefox implements old version of spec.\n width = entry.contentBoxSize.inlineSize;\n height = entry.contentBoxSize.blockSize;\n }\n } else {\n // Chrome <84 implements even older version of spec.\n width = entry.contentRect.width;\n height = entry.contentRect.height;\n }\n\n // Keep the size of the canvas and rubber band canvas in sync with\n // the canvas container.\n if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize) {\n // Chrome 84 implements new version of spec.\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'width',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize\n );\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'height',\n entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize\n );\n } else {\n canvas.setAttribute('width', width * fig.ratio);\n canvas.setAttribute('height', height * fig.ratio);\n }\n canvas.setAttribute(\n 'style',\n 'width: ' + width + 'px; height: ' + height + 'px;'\n );\n\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('width', width);\n rubberband_canvas.setAttribute('height', height);\n\n // And update the size in Python. 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Matplotlib will then trigger a resize in the client,\n // which will in turn request a refresh of the image.\n this.send_message('resize', { width: x_pixels, height: y_pixels });\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_message = function (type, properties) {\n properties['type'] = type;\n properties['figure_id'] = this.id;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(properties));\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.send_draw_message = function () {\n if (!this.waiting) {\n this.waiting = true;\n this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'draw', figure_id: this.id }));\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n var format_dropdown = fig.format_dropdown;\n var format = format_dropdown.options[format_dropdown.selectedIndex].value;\n fig.ondownload(fig, format);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_resize = function (fig, msg) {\n var size = msg['size'];\n if (size[0] !== fig.canvas.width || size[1] !== fig.canvas.height) {\n fig._resize_canvas(size[0], size[1], msg['forward']);\n fig.send_message('refresh', {});\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_rubberband = function (fig, msg) {\n var x0 = msg['x0'] / fig.ratio;\n var y0 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y0']) / fig.ratio;\n var x1 = msg['x1'] / fig.ratio;\n var y1 = (fig.canvas.height - msg['y1']) / fig.ratio;\n x0 = Math.floor(x0) + 0.5;\n y0 = Math.floor(y0) + 0.5;\n x1 = Math.floor(x1) + 0.5;\n y1 = Math.floor(y1) + 0.5;\n var min_x = Math.min(x0, x1);\n var min_y = Math.min(y0, y1);\n var width = Math.abs(x1 - x0);\n var height = Math.abs(y1 - y0);\n\n fig.rubberband_context.clearRect(\n 0,\n 0,\n fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio,\n fig.canvas.height / fig.ratio\n );\n\n fig.rubberband_context.strokeRect(min_x, min_y, width, height);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_figure_label = function (fig, msg) {\n // Updates the figure title.\n fig.header.textContent = msg['label'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_cursor = function (fig, msg) {\n var cursor = msg['cursor'];\n switch (cursor) {\n case 0:\n cursor = 'pointer';\n break;\n case 1:\n cursor = 'default';\n break;\n case 2:\n cursor = 'crosshair';\n break;\n case 3:\n cursor = 'move';\n break;\n }\n fig.rubberband_canvas.style.cursor = cursor;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_message = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.message.textContent = msg['message'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_draw = function (fig, _msg) {\n // Request the server to send over a new figure.\n fig.send_draw_message();\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_image_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.image_mode = msg['mode'];\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_history_buttons = function (fig, msg) {\n for (var key in msg) {\n if (!(key in fig.buttons)) {\n continue;\n }\n fig.buttons[key].disabled = !msg[key];\n fig.buttons[key].setAttribute('aria-disabled', !msg[key]);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_navigate_mode = function (fig, msg) {\n if (msg['mode'] === 'PAN') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.add('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n } else if (msg['mode'] === 'ZOOM') {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.add('active');\n } else {\n fig.buttons['Pan'].classList.remove('active');\n fig.buttons['Zoom'].classList.remove('active');\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Called whenever the canvas gets updated.\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n};\n\n// A function to construct a web socket function for onmessage handling.\n// Called in the figure constructor.\nmpl.figure.prototype._make_on_message_function = function (fig) {\n return function socket_on_message(evt) {\n if (evt.data instanceof Blob) {\n var img = evt.data;\n if (img.type !== 'image/png') {\n /* FIXME: We get \"Resource interpreted as Image but\n * transferred with MIME type text/plain:\" errors on\n * Chrome. But how to set the MIME type? It doesn't seem\n * to be part of the websocket stream */\n img.type = 'image/png';\n }\n\n /* Free the memory for the previous frames */\n if (fig.imageObj.src) {\n (window.URL || window.webkitURL).revokeObjectURL(\n fig.imageObj.src\n );\n }\n\n fig.imageObj.src = (window.URL || window.webkitURL).createObjectURL(\n img\n );\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n } else if (\n typeof evt.data === 'string' &&\n evt.data.slice(0, 21) === 'data:image/png;base64'\n ) {\n fig.imageObj.src = evt.data;\n fig.updated_canvas_event();\n fig.waiting = false;\n return;\n }\n\n var msg = JSON.parse(evt.data);\n var msg_type = msg['type'];\n\n // Call the \"handle_{type}\" callback, which takes\n // the figure and JSON message as its only arguments.\n try {\n var callback = fig['handle_' + msg_type];\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"No handler for the '\" + msg_type + \"' message type: \",\n msg\n );\n return;\n }\n\n if (callback) {\n try {\n // console.log(\"Handling '\" + msg_type + \"' message: \", msg);\n callback(fig, msg);\n } catch (e) {\n console.log(\n \"Exception inside the 'handler_\" + msg_type + \"' callback:\",\n e,\n e.stack,\n msg\n );\n }\n }\n };\n};\n\n// from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1114465/getting-mouse-location-in-canvas\nmpl.findpos = function (e) {\n //this section is from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html\n var targ;\n if (!e) {\n e = window.event;\n }\n if (e.target) {\n targ = e.target;\n } else if (e.srcElement) {\n targ = e.srcElement;\n }\n if (targ.nodeType === 3) {\n // defeat Safari bug\n targ = targ.parentNode;\n }\n\n // pageX,Y are the mouse positions relative to the document\n var boundingRect = targ.getBoundingClientRect();\n var x = e.pageX - (boundingRect.left + document.body.scrollLeft);\n var y = e.pageY - (boundingRect.top + document.body.scrollTop);\n\n return { x: x, y: y };\n};\n\n/*\n * return a copy of an object with only non-object keys\n * we need this to avoid circular references\n * http://stackoverflow.com/a/24161582/3208463\n */\nfunction simpleKeys(original) {\n return Object.keys(original).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n if (typeof original[key] !== 'object') {\n obj[key] = original[key];\n }\n return obj;\n }, {});\n}\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.mouse_event = function (event, name) {\n var canvas_pos = mpl.findpos(event);\n\n if (name === 'button_press') {\n this.canvas.focus();\n this.canvas_div.focus();\n }\n\n var x = canvas_pos.x * this.ratio;\n var y = canvas_pos.y * this.ratio;\n\n this.send_message(name, {\n x: x,\n y: y,\n button: event.button,\n step: event.step,\n guiEvent: simpleKeys(event),\n });\n\n /* This prevents the web browser from automatically changing to\n * the text insertion cursor when the button is pressed. We want\n * to control all of the cursor setting manually through the\n * 'cursor' event from matplotlib */\n event.preventDefault();\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (_event, _name) {\n // Handle any extra behaviour associated with a key event\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.key_event = function (event, name) {\n // Prevent repeat events\n if (name === 'key_press') {\n if (event.key === this._key) {\n return;\n } else {\n this._key = event.key;\n }\n }\n if (name === 'key_release') {\n this._key = null;\n }\n\n var value = '';\n if (event.ctrlKey && event.key !== 'Control') {\n value += 'ctrl+';\n }\n else if (event.altKey && event.key !== 'Alt') {\n value += 'alt+';\n }\n else if (event.shiftKey && event.key !== 'Shift') {\n value += 'shift+';\n }\n\n value += 'k' + event.key;\n\n this._key_event_extra(event, name);\n\n this.send_message(name, { key: value, guiEvent: simpleKeys(event) });\n return false;\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onclick = function (name) {\n if (name === 'download') {\n this.handle_save(this, null);\n } else {\n this.send_message('toolbar_button', { name: name });\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.toolbar_button_onmouseover = function (tooltip) {\n this.message.textContent = tooltip;\n};\n\n///////////////// REMAINING CONTENT GENERATED BY embed_js.py /////////////////\n// prettier-ignore\nvar _JSXTOOLS_RESIZE_OBSERVER=function(A){var t,i=new WeakMap,n=new WeakMap,a=new WeakMap,r=new WeakMap,o=new Set;function s(e){if(!(this instanceof s))throw new TypeError(\"Constructor requires 'new' operator\");i.set(this,e)}function h(){throw new TypeError(\"Function is not a constructor\")}function c(e,t,i,n){e=0 in arguments?Number(arguments[0]):0,t=1 in arguments?Number(arguments[1]):0,i=2 in arguments?Number(arguments[2]):0,n=3 in arguments?Number(arguments[3]):0,this.right=(this.x=this.left=e)+(this.width=i),this.bottom=(this.y=this.top=t)+(this.height=n),Object.freeze(this)}function d(){t=requestAnimationFrame(d);var s=new WeakMap,p=new Set;o.forEach((function(t){r.get(t).forEach((function(i){var r=t instanceof window.SVGElement,o=a.get(t),d=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingTop),f=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingRight),l=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingBottom),u=r?0:parseFloat(o.paddingLeft),g=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderTopWidth),m=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderRightWidth),w=r?0:parseFloat(o.borderBottomWidth),b=u+f,F=d+l,v=(r?0:parseFloat(o.borderLeftWidth))+m,W=g+w,y=r?0:t.offsetHeight-W-t.clientHeight,E=r?0:t.offsetWidth-v-t.clientWidth,R=b+v,z=F+W,M=r?t.width:parseFloat(o.width)-R-E,O=r?t.height:parseFloat(o.height)-z-y;if(n.has(t)){var k=n.get(t);if(k[0]===M&&k[1]===O)return}n.set(t,[M,O]);var S=Object.create(h.prototype);S.target=t,S.contentRect=new c(u,d,M,O),s.has(i)||(s.set(i,[]),p.add(i)),s.get(i).push(S)}))})),p.forEach((function(e){i.get(e).call(e,s.get(e),e)}))}return s.prototype.observe=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element){r.has(i)||(r.set(i,new Set),o.add(i),a.set(i,window.getComputedStyle(i)));var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)||n.add(this),cancelAnimationFrame(t),t=requestAnimationFrame(d)}},s.prototype.unobserve=function(i){if(i instanceof window.Element&&r.has(i)){var n=r.get(i);n.has(this)&&(n.delete(this),n.size||(r.delete(i),o.delete(i))),n.size||r.delete(i),o.size||cancelAnimationFrame(t)}},A.DOMRectReadOnly=c,A.ResizeObserver=s,A.ResizeObserverEntry=h,A}; // eslint-disable-line\nmpl.toolbar_items = [[\"Home\", \"Reset original view\", \"fa fa-home icon-home\", \"home\"], [\"Back\", \"Back to previous view\", \"fa fa-arrow-left icon-arrow-left\", \"back\"], [\"Forward\", \"Forward to next view\", \"fa fa-arrow-right icon-arrow-right\", \"forward\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Pan\", \"Left button pans, Right button zooms\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-arrows icon-move\", \"pan\"], [\"Zoom\", \"Zoom to rectangle\\nx/y fixes axis, CTRL fixes aspect\", \"fa fa-square-o icon-check-empty\", \"zoom\"], [\"\", \"\", \"\", \"\"], [\"Download\", \"Download plot\", \"fa fa-floppy-o icon-save\", \"download\"]];\n\nmpl.extensions = [\"eps\", \"jpeg\", \"pgf\", \"pdf\", \"png\", \"ps\", \"raw\", \"svg\", \"tif\"];\n\nmpl.default_extension = \"png\";/* global mpl */\n\nvar comm_websocket_adapter = function (comm) {\n // Create a \"websocket\"-like object which calls the given IPython comm\n // object with the appropriate methods. Currently this is a non binary\n // socket, so there is still some room for performance tuning.\n var ws = {};\n\n ws.binaryType = comm.kernel.ws.binaryType;\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n function updateReadyState(_event) {\n if (comm.kernel.ws) {\n ws.readyState = comm.kernel.ws.readyState;\n } else {\n ws.readyState = 3; // Closed state.\n }\n }\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('open', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('close', updateReadyState);\n comm.kernel.ws.addEventListener('error', updateReadyState);\n\n ws.close = function () {\n comm.close();\n };\n ws.send = function (m) {\n //console.log('sending', m);\n comm.send(m);\n };\n // Register the callback with on_msg.\n comm.on_msg(function (msg) {\n //console.log('receiving', msg['content']['data'], msg);\n var data = msg['content']['data'];\n if (data['blob'] !== undefined) {\n data = {\n data: new Blob(msg['buffers'], { type: data['blob'] }),\n };\n }\n // Pass the mpl event to the overridden (by mpl) onmessage function.\n ws.onmessage(data);\n });\n return ws;\n};\n\nmpl.mpl_figure_comm = function (comm, msg) {\n // This is the function which gets called when the mpl process\n // starts-up an IPython Comm through the \"matplotlib\" channel.\n\n var id = msg.content.data.id;\n // Get hold of the div created by the display call when the Comm\n // socket was opened in Python.\n var element = document.getElementById(id);\n var ws_proxy = comm_websocket_adapter(comm);\n\n function ondownload(figure, _format) {\n window.open(figure.canvas.toDataURL());\n }\n\n var fig = new mpl.figure(id, ws_proxy, ondownload, element);\n\n // Call onopen now - mpl needs it, as it is assuming we've passed it a real\n // web socket which is closed, not our websocket->open comm proxy.\n ws_proxy.onopen();\n\n fig.parent_element = element;\n fig.cell_info = mpl.find_output_cell(\"
\");\n if (!fig.cell_info) {\n console.error('Failed to find cell for figure', id, fig);\n return;\n }\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.on(\n 'cleared',\n { fig: fig },\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_close = function (fig, msg) {\n var width = fig.canvas.width / fig.ratio;\n fig.cell_info[0].output_area.element.off(\n 'cleared',\n fig._remove_fig_handler\n );\n fig.resizeObserverInstance.unobserve(fig.canvas_div);\n\n // Update the output cell to use the data from the current canvas.\n fig.push_to_output();\n var dataURL = fig.canvas.toDataURL();\n // Re-enable the keyboard manager in IPython - without this line, in FF,\n // the notebook keyboard shortcuts fail.\n IPython.keyboard_manager.enable();\n fig.parent_element.innerHTML =\n '';\n fig.close_ws(fig, msg);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.close_ws = function (fig, msg) {\n fig.send_message('closing', msg);\n // fig.ws.close()\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.push_to_output = function (_remove_interactive) {\n // Turn the data on the canvas into data in the output cell.\n var width = this.canvas.width / this.ratio;\n var dataURL = this.canvas.toDataURL();\n this.cell_info[1]['text/html'] =\n '';\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.updated_canvas_event = function () {\n // Tell IPython that the notebook contents must change.\n IPython.notebook.set_dirty(true);\n this.send_message('ack', {});\n var fig = this;\n // Wait a second, then push the new image to the DOM so\n // that it is saved nicely (might be nice to debounce this).\n setTimeout(function () {\n fig.push_to_output();\n }, 1000);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._init_toolbar = function () {\n var fig = this;\n\n var toolbar = document.createElement('div');\n toolbar.classList = 'btn-toolbar';\n this.root.appendChild(toolbar);\n\n function on_click_closure(name) {\n return function (_event) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onclick(name);\n };\n }\n\n function on_mouseover_closure(tooltip) {\n return function (event) {\n if (!event.currentTarget.disabled) {\n return fig.toolbar_button_onmouseover(tooltip);\n }\n };\n }\n\n fig.buttons = {};\n var buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n var button;\n for (var toolbar_ind in mpl.toolbar_items) {\n var name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][0];\n var tooltip = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][1];\n var image = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][2];\n var method_name = mpl.toolbar_items[toolbar_ind][3];\n\n if (!name) {\n /* Instead of a spacer, we start a new button group. */\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n buttonGroup = document.createElement('div');\n buttonGroup.classList = 'btn-group';\n continue;\n }\n\n button = fig.buttons[name] = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-default';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = name;\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', on_click_closure(method_name));\n button.addEventListener('mouseover', on_mouseover_closure(tooltip));\n buttonGroup.appendChild(button);\n }\n\n if (buttonGroup.hasChildNodes()) {\n toolbar.appendChild(buttonGroup);\n }\n\n // Add the status bar.\n var status_bar = document.createElement('span');\n status_bar.classList = 'mpl-message pull-right';\n toolbar.appendChild(status_bar);\n this.message = status_bar;\n\n // Add the close button to the window.\n var buttongrp = document.createElement('div');\n buttongrp.classList = 'btn-group inline pull-right';\n button = document.createElement('button');\n button.classList = 'btn btn-mini btn-primary';\n button.href = '#';\n button.title = 'Stop Interaction';\n button.innerHTML = '';\n button.addEventListener('click', function (_evt) {\n fig.handle_close(fig, {});\n });\n button.addEventListener(\n 'mouseover',\n on_mouseover_closure('Stop Interaction')\n );\n buttongrp.appendChild(button);\n var titlebar = this.root.querySelector('.ui-dialog-titlebar');\n titlebar.insertBefore(buttongrp, titlebar.firstChild);\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._remove_fig_handler = function (event) {\n var fig = event.data.fig;\n if (event.target !== this) {\n // Ignore bubbled events from children.\n return;\n }\n fig.close_ws(fig, {});\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._root_extra_style = function (el) {\n el.style.boxSizing = 'content-box'; // override notebook setting of border-box.\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._canvas_extra_style = function (el) {\n // this is important to make the div 'focusable\n el.setAttribute('tabindex', 0);\n // reach out to IPython and tell the keyboard manager to turn it's self\n // off when our div gets focus\n\n // location in version 3\n if (IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager) {\n IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n } else {\n // location in version 2\n IPython.keyboard_manager.register_events(el);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype._key_event_extra = function (event, _name) {\n var manager = IPython.notebook.keyboard_manager;\n if (!manager) {\n manager = IPython.keyboard_manager;\n }\n\n // Check for shift+enter\n if (event.shiftKey && event.which === 13) {\n this.canvas_div.blur();\n // select the cell after this one\n var index = IPython.notebook.find_cell_index(this.cell_info[0]);\n IPython.notebook.select(index + 1);\n }\n};\n\nmpl.figure.prototype.handle_save = function (fig, _msg) {\n fig.ondownload(fig, null);\n};\n\nmpl.find_output_cell = function (html_output) {\n // Return the cell and output element which can be found *uniquely* in the notebook.\n // Note - this is a bit hacky, but it is done because the \"notebook_saving.Notebook\"\n // IPython event is triggered only after the cells have been serialised, which for\n // our purposes (turning an active figure into a static one), is too late.\n var cells = IPython.notebook.get_cells();\n var ncells = cells.length;\n for (var i = 0; i < ncells; i++) {\n var cell = cells[i];\n if (cell.cell_type === 'code') {\n for (var j = 0; j < cell.output_area.outputs.length; j++) {\n var data = cell.output_area.outputs[j];\n if (data.data) {\n // IPython >= 3 moved mimebundle to data attribute of output\n data = data.data;\n }\n if (data['text/html'] === html_output) {\n return [cell, data, j];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Register the function which deals with the matplotlib target/channel.\n// The kernel may be null if the page has been refreshed.\nif (IPython.notebook.kernel !== null) {\n IPython.notebook.kernel.comm_manager.register_target(\n 'matplotlib',\n mpl.mpl_figure_comm\n );\n}\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "30b1cd07e9b94cd091aa2cc535c9cbe0", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "interactive(children=(IntSlider(value=0, description='Training Iteration', layout=Layout(width='100%'), max=51…" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Plot transfer function over training\n", "fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(9, 6))\n", "ws = 2 * math.pi * 10 ** torch.linspace(0, 6, 1000)\n", "subsample = int(dataset_size / 250)\n", "train_data_mask = train_data_co[1][:, ::subsample] > cutoff_mag\n", "learned_tf1, = ax1.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_values_co[0][0]), linewidth=3)\n", "learned_tf2, = ax1.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), evaluate_bp_circuit(ws, *R_values_co[0][1:3]), linewidth=3)\n", "learned_tf3, = ax1.semilogx(ws / (2 * math.pi), evaluate_hp_circuit(ws, R_values_co[0][-1]), linewidth=3)\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_co[0][::subsample][train_data_mask[0]] / (2 * math.pi), np.ones(train_data_mask[0].sum()), c=learned_tf1.get_color(), marker=\"x\")\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_co[0][::subsample][train_data_mask[1]] / (2 * math.pi), np.ones(train_data_mask[1].sum()), c=learned_tf2.get_color(), marker=\"x\")\n", "ax1.scatter(train_data_co[0][::subsample][train_data_mask[2]] / (2 * math.pi), np.ones(train_data_mask[2].sum()), c=learned_tf3.get_color(), marker=\"x\")\n", "# ax1.scatter(train_data_co[0][::subsample][(~train_data_mask).all(0)] / (2 * math.pi), np.zeros((~(train_data_mask.any(0))).sum()), c=\"k\", marker=\"x\")\n", "ax1.set_xlim([1, 1e6])\n", "ax1.set_title(\"Transfer Function\")\n", "ax1.set_xlabel(\"Frequency (Hz)\")\n", "ax1.set_ylabel(\"Magnitude\")\n", "ax1.legend([\"Learned LP\", \"Learned BP\", \"Learned HP\", \n", " \"TF + Samples (LP)\", \"TF + Samples (BP)\", \"TF + Samples (HP)\", \n", " \"TF - Samples\"], bbox_to_anchor=(1.05, 1), loc='upper left', ncol=1)\n", "\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "\n", "# Main update function for interactive plots\n", "def update_iter_co(t=0):\n", " learned_tf1.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), evaluate_lp_circuit(ws, R_values_co[t][0]))\n", " learned_tf2.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), evaluate_bp_circuit(ws, *R_values_co[t][1:3]))\n", " learned_tf3.set_data(ws / (2 * math.pi), evaluate_hp_circuit(ws, R_values_co[t][-1]))\n", " fig.canvas.draw_idle()\n", " \n", "# Include sliders for relevant quantities\n", "ip = interactive(update_iter_co, \n", " t=widgets.IntSlider(value=0, min=0, max=len(R_values_co) - 1, step=1, description=\"Training Iteration\", style={'description_width': 'initial'}, layout=Layout(width='100%')))\n", "ip" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "d6cfaa10", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Visualizing the computation graph for the Color Organ" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 26, "id": "2521bdf5", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/svg+xml": "\n\n\n\n\n\n%3\n\n\n\n140303310416688\n\n (3, 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()\n\n\n\n140302235679536->140303310400384\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310399664\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310399664->140303310399616\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310399904\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310399904->140303310399664\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400192\n\nReciprocalBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400192->140303310399904\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400480\n\nSqrtBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400480->140303310400192\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310399472\n\nAddBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310399472->140303310400480\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400576\n\nPowBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400576->140303310399472\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400672\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400672->140303310400576\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400768\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400768->140303310400672\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400864\n\nAccumulateGrad\n\n\n\n140303310400864->140303310400768\n\n\n\n\n\n140302235677456\n\nband.R_low\n ()\n\n\n\n140302235677456->140303310400864\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310399808\n\nDivBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310399808->140303310399664\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400432\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400432->140303310399808\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400720\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400720->140303310400432\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400960\n\nAccumulateGrad\n\n\n\n140303310400960->140303310400720\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310401152\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400960->140303310401152\n\n\n\n\n\n140302235677216\n\nband.R_high\n ()\n\n\n\n140302235677216->140303310400960\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400288\n\nSqrtBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400288->140303310399808\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400000\n\nAddBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400000->140303310400288\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400528\n\nPowBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400528->140303310400000\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310401056\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310401056->140303310400528\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310401152->140303310401056\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310399568\n\nDivBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310399568->140303310399616\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400816\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400816->140303310399568\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310401104\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310401104->140303310400816\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400336\n\nAccumulateGrad\n\n\n\n140303310400336->140303310401104\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310401440\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400336->140303310401440\n\n\n\n\n\n140302235680416\n\nhigh.R\n ()\n\n\n\n140302235680416->140303310400336\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400096\n\nSqrtBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400096->140303310399568\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310401248\n\nAddBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310401248->140303310400096\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310400912\n\nPowBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310400912->140303310401248\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310401344\n\nMulBackward0\n\n\n\n140303310401344->140303310400912\n\n\n\n\n\n140303310401440->140303310401344\n\n\n\n\n\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 26, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "from torchviz import make_dot\n", "make_dot(co(generate_co_training_data(dataset_size)[0]), params=dict(co.named_parameters()))" ] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3.8.0 ('eecs16b')", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.8.0" }, "vscode": { "interpreter": { "hash": "645b9769f00f9f3c5f7ee6e4081596b29edeb96d0eb359a6ef047ae12ce17c20" } } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 5 }